simpher unit 1

Christopher Columbus

________ estimated the distance west to the Indies to be 3, 000 nautical miles and in reality it was 10, 600 ❖ Treaty of Tordesillas ➢ Compromise between Spain and Portugal negotiated by the Pope ➢ Divided the entire world along a line- west of the line was Spain and east was Portugal ➢ Did not discourage England, France or the Dutch from future explorations ❖ Spains conquest in the New World would transform them into the wealthiest state in Europe ❖ Spanish and later the French would settle in the New World and frequently marry the indigenous populations (producing mestizos and mulattos)- the French viewed the Indians as necessary economic partners, distinctly different from the English ways who regarded the Indians as obstacles in the path of civilization ❖ Spain claimed far more of the New World than it could manage ➢ Colonies used for a source of precious metal ▪ (1500- 1650 200 tons of gold and 16, 000 tons of silver sent back to Spain) ❖ England enters into the competition: ➢ Reformation- English Protestantism ➢ English Nationalism ➢ John Cabot established Englands belated claim to American territory ➢ England needed American colonies- they were essential to their nations continued prosperity and independence.

Native Americans

________ before conquest: ❖ Small bands of spear- throwing Indians pursued giant mammals across the Bering Strait ❖ Migration took place over a long period of time and involved small, independent bands of highly nomadic people- never developing a common identity.

Aztecs elaborate human sacrifice

________ associated with Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec sun god, horrified Europeans, who apparently did not find the savagery of their own civilization so objectionable.

English Protestantism

________- Growing anger at Catholic church and the Pope 1517 Martin Luther challenged the basic tenets of Catholicism- Reformation began o Divided kingdoms o Sparked bloody wars o Unleashed an extraordinary flood of religious publication Henry VIII couldnt have a boy with Catherine of Aragon- need for a male heir Pope would not grant divorce under pressure from Catherines father, the former king of Spain 1527 King Henry VIII severed all ties with the Pope and the church 1534 created the Church of England in which the king is the supreme head of- divorced wife 1547 Henry VIII died and his young, weak son attempted to wipe any trace of catholic from England 1553 Edward dies, his oldest daughter Mary ascended to the throne- very Catholic Executed 100s of Protestants 1558 Mary died and sister Elizabeth took the throne and the exiles came back They had absorbed Calvinism and that dominated the Elizabethan Church.

Native Americans before conquest

❖ Small bands of spear-throwing Indians pursued giant mammals across the Bering Strait ❖ Migration took place over a long period of time and involved small, independent bands of highly nomadic people-never developing a common identity

This profoundly altered their societies

no longer needed to be nomadic

❖ Spain will take the lead

➢ Union of Ferdinand and Isabella-political and religious consolidation ➢ Conquistadores-prepared to employ fire and sword in any cause sanctioned by God and King ▪ Men eager for personal glory ▪ Material gain ▪ Uncompromising in matters of religion ▪ Unswerving in their loyalty to the crown ➢ 1492 Christopher Columbus set sail on the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria o

Christopher Columbus estimated the distance west to the Indies to be 3,000 nautical miles and in reality it was 10,600 ❖ Treaty of Tordesillas ➢ Compromise between Spain and Portugal negotiated by the Pope ➢ Divided the entire world along a line-west of the line was Spain and east was Portugal ➢ Did not discourage England, France or the Dutch from future explorations ❖ Spains conquest in the New World would transform them into the wealthiest state in Europe ❖ Spanish and later the French would settle in the New World and frequently marry the indigenous populations (producing mestizos and mulattos)-the French viewed the Indians as necessary economic partners, distinctly different from the English ways who regarded the Indians as obstacles in the path of civilization ❖ Spain claimed far more of the New World than it could manage ➢ Colonies used for a source of precious metal ▪ (1500-1650 200 tons of gold and 16,000 tons of silver sent back to Spain) ❖ England enters into the competition

➢ Reformation-English Protestantism ➢ English Nationalism ➢ John Cabot established Englands belated claim to American territory ➢ England needed American colonies-they were essential to their nations continued prosperity and independence

❖ Effects of Exploration

➢ new territory, discovered and mapped ➢ discovery of new cultures ➢ new trade and settlement ➢ wealth ➢ European nations began powerful expansionist movement that changed world forever

European Perspective

a process by which more civilized Europeans conquered barbaric American Indians for the rightful possession of the fertile and rich American territories

Reasons for early settlement

(push factors) at different times, different colonies appealed to different sorts of people

Europeans tried to "civilize"

Dress like the colonists Attend white schools Live in permanent structures Accept Christianity Natives rejected European values.English-decimation of Native American peoples was an aspect of ecological transformation known as the Columbian Exchange A matter of perspective-what one group proclaims as providential progress may strike others as utter disaster Europeans expected the New World to be an extension of Europe cleared forests and put up fences altering the Indians ecological systems o Reducing hunting grounds o Reducing supply of deer and other animals essential to traditional cultures Trade o Indians hunted more vigorously to supply pelts for trade-reducing population of fur bearing mammals Disease o Exposed to bacteria and viruses which they had no natural immunity (they had been isolated from these since the early migration of nomadic groups had crossed the Bering Strait)-smallpox, measles, and influenza Transfer of plants and animals from old world to new and new to old o Horses to new world o Crops (corn, squash, potatoes) changed economies in Europe o Demand for tobacco

African slaves

it is estimated that 10.7 million Africans were taken to the New World as slaves

Migration to the colonies

striking competition and diversity At different times, different colonies appealed to different sorts of people Economic insecurity