Attitudes, Attraction, and Group Processes

These flashcards cover key concepts from the notes on attitudes, attraction, and group processes.

What are attitudes?

Attitudes are positive or negative judgments of attitude objects, which include people, objects, and ideas.

What are the ABCs of attitude?

A = affect (emotions), B = behavior (past actions), C = cognition (beliefs).

What drives attitude according to the ABC model?

Emotions drive the affect component, past actions represent behavior, and relevant facts influence cognition.

What are explicit attitudes?

Explicit attitudes are consciously endorsed and easily reported.

What characterizes implicit attitudes?

Implicit attitudes are gut reactions that are less controllable and may be unconscious.

What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?

It suggests that behavior is predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived control.

What is attitude polarization?

When an attitude becomes more extreme as people consider evidence over time.

What does the Yale Attitude Change Approach study?

It studies the conditions under which people are likely to change attitudes in response to persuasive messages.

Who persuades better: experts or non-experts?

Experts persuade better than non-experts, provided they are perceived as credible.

What is an example of a two-sided argument's advantage?

It offers a fair and even-handed perspective, which can enhance persuasion.

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

It proposes that people use a central route for careful thinking when motivation and ability are high, and a peripheral route when they are low.

What is group cohesiveness?

Qualities that bind group members together and promote liking among them.

What leads to social facilitation?

Arousal from the presence of others, leading to improved performance on simple tasks.

What is self-loafing?

When individuals do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks due to relaxation in group settings.

What is groupthink?

A phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group leads to poor decision-making.

What can reduce conflict in groups?

Developing integrative solutions and using a tit-for-tat strategy can reduce conflict.

What do men and women generally prefer in mate selection?

Men prefer frequent pairings and attractiveness, while women prefer resourcefulness and stability.

What is the propinquity effect?

The tendency for individuals to develop friendships or romantic relationships with those they encounter frequently.

What type of aggression is Hostile Aggression?

Aggression stemming from anger that aims to inflict pain and is emotionally driven.

What is instrumental aggression?

Aggression used as a means to achieve a goal other than causing pain.

What immediate conditions can increase emotional aggression?

Threats to self-esteem, status or respect, especially in public settings.

What factors contribute to culture and aggression?

Cross-cultural differences in aggression can depend on perceived threats; a culture of honor can lead to higher aggression rates.

What do studies show about emotional responses to threats?

Immediate threats to self-worth can lead to anger and aggression as a reaction to save face.

What is the modified version of the tit-for-tat strategy?

To respond competitively only after the opponent has been competitive on two consecutive occasions.

What are characteristics of a homogenous group?

Homogeneous groups promote cohesion among members and tend to consist of similar individuals.

In the context of persuasion, what effect does attractiveness have?

Attractiveness can enhance persuasiveness in a message.

What impact does distraction have on audience receptiveness to persuasion?

Distraction can increase the rate of persuasiveness in certain contexts.

What is the goal of the Inoculation Theory?

To expose the audience to small doses of arguments against a position before a challenge to build immunity to later persuasion.

How does group polarization occur?

It happens when group discussions reinforce and amplify individual opinions, resulting in more extreme positions.

What can be a result of deindividuation in group settings?

Increased impulsive or deviant acts due to feelings of anonymity.

What adverse effects can the loose structure of groups create?

It can lead to groupthink where decision-making is impaired by a desire for consensus.

What are the two major types of leadership styles in groups?

Transactional and transformational leadership.

How do personal traits affect decision-making in groups?

Individual differences and situational factors jointly determine whether a person uses a central or peripheral route.

What does the glass ceiling refer to?

An invisible barrier that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of leadership.

What is the relationship between opportunity and aggression?

Increased opportunities can lead to greater instrumental aggression if perceived rewards outweigh risks.