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What nutrients does the body require?
Carbohydrates Protein Dietary fibre Fats Vitamins Minerals Water
Main components of the digestive system
Mouth, Stomach, Small intestine, Pancreas, Liver, Oesophagus, Gallbladder, colon (large intestine), rectum, anus
What are the 3 medial abdominal region (top-bottom)
Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region
What are the 3 abdominal regions on the right?
R hypochondriac region R lumbar region R iliac region
What are the 3 abdo regions on the L
L hypochondriac region L lumbar region L iliac region
Main functions of the digestive system
Ingestion Secretion Mechanical processing Absorption Digestion Excretion
The mouth has two pallets, what are they?
hard and soft pallets
What do the salivary glands do?
Secrete enzymes to breakdown carbohydrate starches
The mouth contains which pharynx structure?
Oropharynx
The tongue is situated where, and is what?
Mouth, muscle
The structure of the oesophagus is
hollow collapsible muscular tubeW
Where does the oesophagus sit?
Posterior to trachea
how long is the oesophagus?
25cm by 2cm at widest point
How does the oesophagus convey food?
wavelike motion called peistalsis
What does the oesophagus enter the stomach through?
cardiac sphincter
The cardiac sphincter prohibits food from
travelling back up
What is the stomachs structure?
muscular, elastic J shaped bag
Dimensions of stomach
30cm long by 15cm wide
What lines the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium
What are the stomachs layers of muscle?
Oblique, circular, longitudinal
pH of stomach?
1.2-4.5
What cells secrete HCL?
Parietal cells
Stomach's chief cells secrete
pepsinogen (protease)
The small intestine is comprised of
3 main structural parts
The duodenum is
25cm
Function of duodenum
receives secretions from liver and pancreas to breakdown nutrients
Jejunum length
2.4m
Ileum length
3.6m
How long is the small intestine in average humans?
6m
Why is the small intestine called "small"
2.5-3cm in diameter
Small intestine function
Huge surface area allows digestion and absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes
Small intestine surface area is increased by
Circular folds Villi Microvilli
The small intestine has different systems for
extracting water and electrolytes, glucose, peptides and amino acids
Where does the pancreas lie?
posterior to stomach
The pancreas is primarily an
exocrine organ
Pancreas size?
15cm, pinky/grey colour
The pancreas is the
main enzyme producing gland of digestive system
The liver is the
largest gland and solid organ in body
How many lobes does the liver contain?
2, L+R
Both the livers lobes are separated by the
falciform ligament
What colour is the liver?
Dark-reddish brown in colour
Liver weight
1.8kg men, 1.3kg women
Where does the liver receive blood from?
Hepatic artery
The liver is unable to generate cells rapidly
false
The liver holds x% of blood supply
13%
What is the livers function?
more than 200 but 3 main metabolic regulation haematological regulation bile production
Bile is produced where
liverB
What colour is bile?
dark green-yellowish
Bile makeup
85% water, 10% salt mucous and pigments
Aids digestion of lipids
Bile
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
Gall bladder is
pear shaped organ
Gall bladder location
posterior to R lobe of liver
What is the colon length?
1.5cm
1st part of colon?
caecum
colon parts
ascending colon (travels up R side) Transverse colon (runs across) Descending colon (down L side) sigmoid colon short curving just before rectum
The colon absorbs
water and electrolytes
These aid the colons movement
muscles
The colon is an important source of vitamins
true
The rectum and anus is the last Xcm of large intestine
15cm
Last inch of rectum is
anal canal
Internal anal sphincter is
smooth muscle
External anal sphincter is
striated skeletal muscle
The opening of sphincters is known as
anus
Urinary system components
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
Primary functions of urinary system
Excretion Elimination Homeostatic regulation
Anatomical location of kidneys
within abdominal cavity retroperitoneal (encapsulated)
The kidneys are located X of the vertebral column
either side
Kidneys are located between Tx and L
T12 and L3
Which kidney sits higher?
Left
Gross anatomy of kidney
Paired, bean shaped reddish brown
What arteries supply the kidney
renal via hilum
What is the typical size and weight of kidneys
10cm long, 5cm wide, 3cm thick 150g
Kidneys receive x% of total cardiac output
20-25%
How much blood flows through kidneys per min?
1200mls/min
Kidneys and ureters are innervated by what nerves
renal nerves
Kidneys role in homeostasis
Water balance Electrolyte balance Removal of waste pH of blood Hormone production
Each Nephron contains
glomerulus - semi permeable filter tubule - processes filtrate Collecting duct - formed urine passes into renal pelvis
Ureters are how long
30cm, formed muscular tubes
3 layers of ureters
inner mucosal middle layer outer connective tissue layer
Ureters have peristaltic contractions about
every 30s
The urinary bladder is a
hollow muscular organ with 3 layers
Urinary bladder is a reservoir for
urine
What are the death pHs?
6.8, 7.8
Chemical buffers
act immediately to protect tissues and cells 1st line
Respiratory buffers
are 2nd line defence of acid base imbalances. Chemoreceptors adjust accordingly
Renal buffer
long term adjustment, reabsorb or excrete acids and bases. Can produce bicarbs to replenish supplies
Where can fluid be?
Intracellular (inside cell) Extracellular (outside cell)
To maintain homeostasis, distribution of fluid must be
relatively constant
Intracellular fluid makes up
40% adults body weight (28kg)E
Extracellular fluid makes up
20% adults weightU
Interstitial fluids accounts for
75% of extracellular
Intravascular fluid is
25% of extracellular
Average daily input vs output of fluid
2600ml Vs 2600ml
Renin + Angiotensin =
Angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 + ACE =
Angiotensin 2
Angiotensin 2 is a widespread
vasoconstrictor, increasing BP and decreasing HR (homeostasis)
RAAS causes anti-x to be released
anti-diuretic
Anti diuretic release means we retain
sodium
Sodium retention means water
retention
Note 
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