unit 4 us history: early republic test

29 multiple choice, 7 fill in the bank (president's names and order), 4 map identifications (land gains, etc), 1 longer short answer (2 paragraphs, connects to 3 major questions), 3 extra credit

precedent

earlier event/action that is regarded as an example/guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances

the cabinet

Washington held regular in person meetings with department heads (even though not in Constitution)

* Thomas Jefferson - Department of State
* Alexander Hamilton - Department of the Treasury
* Henry Knox - Department of War/Defense
* Edmund Randolph - Attorney General/Head of Justice Department

the Judiciary Act of 1789

* set up 3 Federal Circuit Courts
* set up 13 Federal District Courts
* state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised
* guaranteed that federal laws remained the Supreme Law of the Land (outlined in Constitution)
* made it so state laws can’t override federal government

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

1. have national government assume state debts
2. create a national debt
3. create a national bank
4. impose protective tariff
5. excise tax on whiskey

state debt

have national government assume state debt

* establish nation’s credit - worthiness

national bank

create a national bank

* incentivises wealthy investors to care and stabilize the nation’s currency

protective tariffs

tax placed on goods imported to the US that is intended to protect the nation’s businesses from foreign competition

* US still makes money if people buy from foreign places and encourages people to buy US goods

impose protective tariff

* encourage domestic industrial manufacturing

excise tax

tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country

excise tax on whiskey

* reliable source of tax revenue

The Whiskey Rebellion

* 1791: US suffered from significant debts and Hamilton intended to use the excuse tax to lessen the financial burden
* Western farmers felt the tax was an abuse of federal authority that targeted a demographic that relied on crops for profit (small farmers couldn't incur the financial strain)
* farmers get more angry because it makes it more expensive to buy so people don’t want to buy from them
* 1792: Washington issued a national proclamation scolding westerners for their resistance to the tax and the “operation of the laws”
* 1794: protests become violent
* Washington organizes and leads militia to warn locals if Western Penn to not help resistors
* calling of militia ended the Whiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebellion consequences

* government’s response proved to citizens to not rebel against everything and showed the ability to enforce federal laws
* further divides nation (sectionalism) into regions and not country as a whole

proclamation of neutrality

Washington issues proclamation of neutrality

* Washington felt the nation wasn’t strong enough to engage in European war
* Jefferson resigned from Washington’s cabinet in disagreement with his order
* neutrality → not supporting either side in a conflict

Federalists

* led by Alexander Hamilton
* north
* Britain
* strong national government (concentrated power to elites)
* loose interpretation of the constitution
* economy based on shipping and manufacturing (aid businesses with tariffs and national bank)

Democratic-Republicans

* led by Thomas Jefferson
* south
* France
* limited national government (shared power with state government)
* strict interpretation of the constitution
* economy based on agriculture (aid farmers with free trade)

sectionalism

placing of interests of one’s own region ahead of the nation as a whole

* southerners voted Jefferson
* northerners voted Adams

Election of 1796

Adam’s election

* divide between 2 rising political parties
* Adams (federalist) got 71 electoral votes
* Jefferson (democratic-republican) got 68 electoral votes
* structured electoral system made Adams president and Jefferson Vice President
* two party system cemented during Adams Administration

nullification

individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions that they deem unconstitutional

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

* argued against Alien and Sedition Acts based on nullification
* argument dies out because no other states helped and balance of power remained an issue

Election of 1816

* less divided than previous elections
* majority for democratic-republican candidate

nationalism

a belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns and interests of other countries

* US didn’t lose the war so felt like they won the war and felt more pride in country after War of 1812

The American System

Henry Clay created a self-sufficient economy independent from Europe after the nationalism sparked by the victory of the War of 1812 and believed it would protect US manufacturers from foreign competitors to improve US industries


1. gave a unified currency to country (bank system)
2. unified north and south parts of US’ economic interests
3. protective tariff makes US goods cheaper for consumer

* improve infrastructure (transportation - Erie Canal and Cumberland Road)

Missouri Compromise

Missouri admitted to US as slave state and Maine as free state after disputes of slavery

* keeps balance of states and representatives in Congress

Monroe Doctrine

foreign policy statement where president Monroe is telling Europeans not to interfere with affairs of the west/US

* US feels national pride and safety
* rest of world does not believe they have the power to say that to Europe
* wanted to forbid European colonization on continent

Market Revolution

a manual-labor system change where traditional commerce was outgrown by improvements in transportation, communication, and industry

* large-scale domestic manufacturing in America led to an increase in domestic trade and a decrease of dependence on foreign imports
* west - John Deere new steel plow
* south - cotton gin made by Eli Whitney

Erie Canal

DeWitt Clinton used state money and sold bonds to fund Canal (363 miles but doubles, 8 years)

* much easier and cheaper transportation
* growing population in towns around the Canal
* connected isolated region to rest of nation

Cumberland Road

Jefferson funded road with federal government to support westward expansion and unify nation (construction began in 1811, increased popularity in 1840s, decrease in 1870s, increased with automobile in 1920s)

* unity, promoted commerce, infrastructure now based on it
* lots of expenses, not in Constitution

romanticism

late 18th and 19th century artistic and philosophical revolt against confines of Age of Reason and neoclassicism

* first distinct American period
* revolt against European ideals, opposite of Europe

transedentalism

19th century movement of writers and philosophers based on belief of:

* essential unity of all creation


* innate goodness of humanity


* supremacy of insight over logic and experience for truth

opposite of Enlightenment

The Election of 1824

end of so called Era of Good Feelings because no one had a majority in election

* decision goes to House and Clay persuades them to vote Adams who made him Secretary of State and accused of Corrupt Bargain

populism

political stance or movement that champions or claims to champion the common people

* usually by favorable contrast with a real or perceived elite or establishment in society
* will of the people, consolidate their power
* framework of Jackson’s presidency

spoils system

system of government in which leaders of the incoming government throw out appointees of previous government and replace them with their own appointees

* Jackson is first US president to do this and claimed they needed a turnover of personnel or else office holders would become inefficient and corrupt

The Bank War

* 1832 - Jackson claimed rechartering Bank would be harmful and unconstitutional
* vetoed proposed charter and instructed Secretary of Treasury to withdraw deposits (fired a bunch til they did it)
* 1832-1837 - told Secretary of Treasury to put government funds in certain banks (pet banks) because of loyalty to Democratic Party
* pet banks were wildcat banks meaning they printed bank notes not backed by gold and silver (speculation ran wild)

Indian Removal Act

* 1830 - Act passed and began relocation of Native Americans in Trail of Tears
* direct contradiction to Supreme Court ruling and said they would sign new treaties (force small groups to sign)
* Native Americans opposed removal from lands (long series of battles, genocide)
* forced to abandon homes
* died on journey due to disease, starvation, and extreme weather

12th Amendment

Electing the President and Vice President

* revises and outlines the procedure of how Presidents and Vice Presidents are elected so that they are elected together

The Election of 1789

Washington unanimously elected by the Electoral College

* every elector had 2 votes

George Washington

1789-1797

set many precedents, court systems, Cabinet, and national bank

John Adams

1797-1801

XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, increased taxes

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809

reduced the national debt, Louisiana Purchase, unsuccessful embargo against Britain

James Madison

1809-1817

Battle of Tippecanoe, War of 1812

James Monroe

1817-1825

nationalism led to an “era of good feelings”, acquired Florida and Oregon, Monroe Doctrine, Missouri Compromise

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829

internal improvements and scientific exploration, appointed Henry Clay Secretary of State, tariffs

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837

spoils system, Indian Removal Act, nullification crisis, closed national bank

Northwest Indian War

Native Americans in Northwest territory never accepted provisions because they were not at negotiations that led to Treaty of Paris

Little Turtle

* 1790 - Miami Confederacy led by Chief Little Turtle won battle with General Harmar sent by government
* urged people to seek peace but other leaders did not agree and replaced him

Treaty of Greenville

continued pattern where settlers and government paid Native Americans much less for their land than it was worth

Washington’s Farewell Address

* presidents only serve 2 terms
* presidents tend to practice neutrality and avoid making permanent alliances
* discourage from partisan politics and formation of political parties

XYZ Affair

Directory of French government sent three low-level officials instead of the foreign minister

* officials demanded a $250,000 bribe as payment for seeing the foreign minister but American delegates refuse
* nation wants to enter a war with France but Adams resisted and sent new ministers to Paris (stance of neutrality)

Alien and Sedition Acts

* anti French sentiment after XYZ led to paranoia but others realized many Democratic-Republicans were immigrants
* Federalists pushed acts through Congress


1. Naturalization Act - increase years required to become citizen
2. Alien Acts - president can deport aliens considered dangerous and detain in time of war
3. Sedition Act - illegal for press to criticize president pr Congress with penalties

Marbury v. Madison

gave the Supreme Court the principal power of judicial review

* Chief Justice decided that Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional since the Constitution didn’t give the Supreme Court power to issue the act

Midnight judges

John Adams appointed allies of himself as officials into vacant judicial positions at the midnight prior to Jefferson’s inauguration

judicial review

the Supreme Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

land that Jefferson bought from France which doubled the size of the US

* led to discovery and exploration (Lewis and Clark)
* was unsure about the constitutionality of act but did it anyway
* ensured every white man could have land

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson attempted to prohibit American ships from trading in foreign ports to punish Britain for impressing Americans and blocking France

* thought it would hurt Britain and Europe and force them to honor American neutrality
* ended up hurting America more and was lifted in 1809 because they didn’t notice, exports dropped a lot, and needed domestic manufacturing

War hawks

called for war with Britain because Native American Confederacy had weapons from British Canada

War doves

did not want war with Britain

Battle of New Orleans

between Andrew Jackson and a superior British force

* happened after War of 1812 was over

Treaty of Ghent

ended War of 1812 by declaring an armistice/end to fighting

* helped US and Britain reach agreements on past issues
* did not change how US and Britain were (no land or trade changes)

Era of Good Feelings

begun because James Monroe elected as president and northerners are accepting a southerner as president

* not actually good but Americans feel like they won the war so have sense of nationalism
* there was westward expansion and economic prosperity
* protective tariffs and Second National Bank and end to some taxes

ended with Election of 1824 because contentious and corrupt bargain and with Missouri Compromise because of sectionalism

War of 1812

* north did not want it (relied on trade)
* south/west wanted it (relied on agriculture and wanted more land/slaves)
* caused by:
* British impressment
* forged American citizenship
* hate for Britain (anglophopia)
* pursuit of land in Canada
* Expansion into Native Amerian territory
* US had much smaller troops and budget than Britain
* US attempted to take Canada
* Battle of New Orleans after it ended
* Treaty of Ghent changed them to how US and Britain were (no land or trade changes)

Election of 1800

Jefferson (democratic-republican) vs John Adams (federalist)

* DRs thought Adams was rich and wanted a British style monarchy
* Federalists thought Jefferson was dangerous supporter of France’s revolution and an atheist

Judiciary Act of 1801

law that increased the number of federal judges

* allowed John Adams to fill new staff with FederalistEe

Election of 1828

Jackson elected president not Quincy Adams

* Jackson used populism to characterize Adams as an intellectual elitist and himself as a man of humble origins (ironic because he is wealthy and educated)
* common people were welcomed into institutions they usually aren’t allowed in

The American Scholar

by Ralph Waldo Emerson who was a founder of transcendentalism (revolt against European ideals and opposite of Enlightenment)

* wants to form individualism
* values hope after War of 1812
* wants to end dependence with American System (self-sufficiency)
* wants to get rid of other nation’s control on them (similar to Monroe Doctrine)
* idea of whole society and nationalism
* growing idea of nationalism because of sectionalism and partisans (because of Missouri Compromise)
* values your own thinking (romanticism)

Hamilton vs Jefferson

Hamilton Financial Plan:


1. have national government assume state debts
2. create a national debt
3. create a national bank
4. impose protective tariff
5. excise tax on whiskey

Jefferson’s views:

* believed Hamilton’s plan gave too much power to federal government (didn’t want tyranny)
* Virginia already paid of lots of its individual debt so doesn’t want to have New York/North’s debt to
* believed National Bank was unconstitutional

compromise was that national capital was in south and got Hamilton’s plan

Washington precedents

* presidents appoint department heads and hold cabinet meetings
* made judicial structure
* only federal government can coin money
* Federal Reserve System similar to national bank
* excise taxes and tariffs used
* debates about Constitutionality
* pattern of settlers and government paid Native Americans less for their land
* willingness to compromise
* presidents serve for 2 terms
* practice neutrality and avoid permanent alliances
* discourage partisan politics and parties

Adams federalist power

* retained Federalist cabinet members from Washington
* expanded Hamilton’s economic policies (national economy)
* increased size of army and navy

Jefferson Democratic Republican power

* eliminated whiskey excise tax and other taxes
* shrank the army and navy
* repealed Alien and Sedition Acts
* wanted common men to run the nation
* power to stay in the statesge

geography differences

north:

* invested in factories and manufacturing because not fertile land
* small farms for only families, selling and buying, no slavery demand

south:

* invested in agriculture and cash crops
* large plantations in south with cotton gin, slave expansion

War of 1812 causes

* British impressment


* forged American citizenship
* hate for Britain (anglophopia)
* pursuit of land in Canada
* Expansion into Native American territory

War of 1812 effects

* Treaty of Ghent changed them to how US and Britain were (no land or trade changes)
* increased nationalism and patriotism
* era of good feelings
* military and manufacturing strengthened
* Indian Removal Act
* expansion into Native American owned territory
* less threat from Native Americans
* Native Americans lost land
* some assimilated to new lifestyle but some resisted

Indian Removal Act causes

* war of 1812
* new treaties being signed very quickly and forcefully with limited approval
* expansion into Native American owned territory
* less threat from Native Americans
* Native Americans lost land
* some assimilated to new lifestyle but some resisted 

Indian Removal Act effects

relocation of Native Americans in Trail of Tears

Native Americans opposed removal from lands (long series of battles, genocide)

* forced to abandon homes
* died on journey due to disease, starvation, and extreme weather
* 4000 Cherokees only died