HWH 9 Unit 3 Test IHS Sacacian

Secular

Any attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis

Sect

A subgroup of a belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group

Heresay

Belief or opinion contrary to religious doctrine

Clergy

The religious leaders whose job is serving the needs of their religion and its members

Denomination

A subgroup within a religion whose beliefs differ in some ways from other groups in the same religion

Doctrine

Beliefs, principles, or fundamental teachings held by a belief system

Divine Right

The doctrine that the right of rule comes directly from God, not from the consent of the people

Aristocracy

A system of government by a small privileged class or those presumed to be the best qualified to rule; the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices

Autocracy

A system of government by one person with absolute power

Despot

A person, group, or institution that rules with absolute power and uses it in cruel, oppressive ways

Natural Rights

Universal and fundamental moral principles among all cultures and society that cannot be taken away by human law

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's power

Oligarchy

A system of government in which a small group of people hold most or all political power

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which the people elect officials to represent them in an legislative body

Direct Democracy

A system of government in which the people decide on policy without legislative representatives as proxies

Renaissance

A period of cultural, artistic, and economy rebirth in Europe following the Medieval Period (stagnant → rebirth)

Where did the Renaissance start

Italy

What were the values of the Renaissance

• Humanism

• Skepticism

• Generalism

• Classicism

• Individualism

• Secularism

Humanism

Study of human worth/values. Men had unlimited potential, according to humanism. Promoted Renaissance ideals/values

Petrarch

Considered the father of Renaissance Humanism; argued that God had given humans their vast intellectual/creative potential to be used to their fullest

Skepticism

Values that emphasizes a questioning attitude; used reason to discover truth/knowledge through faith

Generalism

idea that one should be a well-rounded individual (be skilled in many different fields or have many interests)

Classicism

Interest in the classical period of Ancient Greece/Rome

Individualism

Focus on the need to distinguish oneself from everyone else

Secularism

Focus on worldly desires rather than spiritual needs

Secular

Any attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis

Printing press

A device people invented to copy down text onto paper rather than manually writing and copying everything by hand

What was the printing press’s impact on the world

It allowed people to mass produce many books in vernacular (Ex. The Bible) allowing the common folk to be able to read and it allowed many ideas to be able to be spread around the world rapidly, while overall increasing literary rates around the world

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement that spread through Europe in the 1500’s resulting in the creation of various Christian denominations that separated from the Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine

What was the impact of the Protestant Reformation

1. Shattered the religious unity in Europe

2. Led to an age of religious warfare (Thirty Years War)

3. Shifted power from religious to political leaders

4. Encouraged the Catholic Reformation

5. Created social changes/new ideas

6. Fostered modern ideals and movements

7. Increase in education

Why was there frustration with the Catholic Church from the Protestant Reformation

1. The Church acted more like a power-hungry country than a sacred institution

2. Priests would partake in behavior not allowed by church law 

3. The Church was making lots of money from tithes 

4. People could pay to have sins forgiven

Martin Luther

He was a monk from Germany and was one of the many people that became upset with the sale of indulgences and corruptions of the Church

What was Martin Luther’s most important work

“The 95 Theses”

How did “The 95 Theses” influence society? 

It intensified criticism of the church, sparked the Protestant Reformation, splintered Christianity, and it led to the European Society becoming more humanistic and secular. Argued that:

1. The Bible is the central religious authority

2. You can only win salvation only by faith in God

Indulgence

A way to reduce the amount of punishment one must undergo for the forgiveness of sins

Absolutism

The political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and sovereignty

Scientific Revolution

A series of events and discoveries in the 1500-1600's that led to a new way of thinking about the natural world

What caused absolutism to grow in Europe

1. The decline of Feudalism 

2. Establishment and growth of national kingdoms 

3. The Protestant Reformation 

4. Conquering and creating colonies of the Americas

5. Religious and territorial conflicts led to continued warfare in Europe

   • Taxes had to be raised to pay for the military

   • Monarchs centralized their power to keep control

How did Absolute Monarchs use their power

They held immense power over their country, and they centralized their governments and power to keep control. They were generally corrupt and used their power as tyrants while justifying their actions by claiming divine rights

!!! Even if Absolute Monarchs used their power for good, many of the changes they put forth were reverted back after their reign !!!

How did Absolutism strengthen or weaken European countries

Strengthen: 

1. Centralized authority

2. Stronger militaries

3. Economic growth

4. Increased control

Weaken:

1. Risk of poor leadership

2. Economic instability

3. Suppression of liberty

4. Social unrest

5. Religious differences

King Louis XIV

An absolute monarch that ruled France from 1643 to 1715

How did France become the leading power of Europe under the absolute rule of King Louis XIV

Louis XIV strengthened royal power, the army, the economy, and the arts to make France the leading power of Europe

How is King Louis XIV the prime example of an absolute monarch

He centralized his powers, eliminated checks on his authority, and asserted that his rule was a divine right from God

How was Tsar Peter the Great of Russia the opposite of King Louis XIV

He modernized Russia, embraced foreign influence, engaged in trade and alliances, and reduced the power of nobility, overall, he made Russia into a major European power. While the other strengthened traditional monarchy, rejected foreign influence, engaged in conflicts and wars, and maintained rigid social hierarchy and overall made them have a dominant culture but a strained economy

How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great strengthen Russia and expand its territory

Using autocratic methods, they western- ized and modernized Russia, centralized royal power, improved the army, and expanded its territory through war, treaties, and exploration

How did Philip II extend Spain's power and help establish a golden age

Philip II asserted absolute power, waged war, and supported the arts, all to extend Spain's power and prestige

How were Charles V and Philip II alike and differ- ent in their goals of ensuring absolute power and strengthening Catholicism

Both sought to ensure absolute power and strengthen Catholicism, but Philip was more persevering

Why did Calvinism become an important form of Protestantism by the mid-sixteenth century

Calvinism became an important form of Protestantism because Calvin's writings helped spread Protestantism. Also, the belief in predestination gave Calvinists the conviction that they were doing God's work on Earth. This made them determined to spread their faith to other people

Which writers were influential in the spread of humanism/the Renaissance

Luther, Miciavelli, Dante

The Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement centered on the ideas of reason, humanity, power, and politics

What are the main ideas or themes of the Enlightenment

1. Reason: Truth that could be discovered through logic 

2. Nature: Things that are natural that are good 

3. Happiness: Wanted people to be happy on earth  

4. Progress: Society should focus on improving 

5. Liberty: Political freedom is important

Philosophes

The philosophes were French philosophers who examined government, law and society, and called for reforms to protect the natural rights of people. They have a great influence on politics and thinking. The philosophes also believed that nothing was out of reach for humans with reason.

What were the goal of the Philosophes

To call for reforms that protect the natural rights of people

How were the ideas of the Philosophes revolutionary

Enlightenment philosophes introduced revolutionary ideas that challenged traditional political authorities, religious values, and social norms of the 18th century. These concepts of reason, freedom, and natural rights ignited political and economic reforms globally, leading to significant societal transformations

Who are Enlightened Monarchs

Rulers who combined absolute power along with reform inspired by ideas of the enlightenment

What makes Enlightened Monarchs enlightened

They embraced Enlightenment ideas like reason, progress, enacting reform, promoting education, and improving administration while maintaining absolute power

What makes Enlightened Monarchs despotic

The enlightened despots were absolute rulers that used their power to bring forth social/political changes. They expanded religious tolerance, reduced torture, made the government more efficient, and improved economy/society

Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he believe

• English philosopher

• Author of Leviathan

• Believed humans are naturally selfish and evil

• Supported absolute monarchy

• Promoted social contract—people give up freedoms for protection

Who was John Locke and what did he believe

• English philosopher; “Father of Liberalism”

• Author of Two Treatises of Government

• Believed humans are reasonable and moral

• Believed all people have natural rights (life, liberty, property)

• Government exists to protect rights; must have limited power

• Opposed absolute monarchy

• Influenced democratic thinking and revolutions

Who was Montesquieu and what did he believe

• French philosophe

• Author of The Spirit of the Laws and The Persian Letters

• Believed in separation of powers:

  • Legislative

  • Executive

  • Judicial

• Developed idea of checks and balances

• Influenced U.S. Constitution

Who was Voltaire and what did he believe

• French writer/philosophe

• Strong critic of corruption, inequality, slavery, and injustice

• Defended freedom of speech

• Spoke out against the Catholic Church and French government

• Author of Candide

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau and what did he believe

• French philosophe

• Author of The Social Contract and Emile

• Believed people are naturally good, but society corrupts them

• Supported direct democracy

• Believed government control should be limited

• Valued community good over individual interests

• Opposed political and economic oppression

Who was Adam Smith and what did he believe

• Scottish economist

• Author of The Wealth of Nations

• Supported free market and supply/demand

• Believed in laissez-faire economics (minimal government interference)

• Government role: protection, justice, public works

How were women treated during the Enlightenment

• Still limited to home/family roles

• Natural rights didn’t fully apply to women

• Women who challenged roles = criticized

• Some advocates existed, such as Mary Wollstonecraft

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about slavery

• Believed in natural rights — but applied mostly to white men

• Many ignored contradiction

• Some criticized slavery but still accepted African slavery

• A few strongly opposed it (ex: Kant)

How did art change during the Enlightenment

• Art styles changed with new tastes

• Shift from Baroque → Rococo

  • Baroque: grand, dramatic, religious, intense

  • Rococo: light, elegant, pastel, playful

• Rococo popular with middle/upper class

• Philosophes criticized it

Who invented the printing press

A German publisher named Johannes Gutenberg

Vernacular

The vernacular was the language that the author speaks in, or the language that a specific region speaks in

What was the Scientific Revolution based on

Careful observation and a willingness to question the status quo

Where did the foundations of the Scientific Revolution come from

Came from ancient Greek learning and science of the Medieval period

What was the Geocentric Model and who came up with it

The theory that the Earth is the center of the universe; Greek philosopher Aristotle is credited for it

Prior to the 1500’s, what were European scientific beliefs based on

Ancient Greeks/Romans and the Catholic Church/Bible

What were some changes from the Scientific Revolution

1. Technology: Printing press → greater diffusion of knowledge and ideas

2. Culture: European society → more humanistic and secular

3. Worldview: Mapping of the world (Age of Exploration) → new worldview and contact with distant civilizations

4. Religion: Protestant Reformation → more criticism for the Catholic Church an skepticism of previously accepted ideas

What was the Heliocentric Model and who came up with it

The theory that the sun is the center of the universe; German mathematician/astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus is credited for it

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer/physicist. He is considered the father of modern science. Convicted of heresy by Catholic Church in 1633 and was forced to renounce (to officially give up or turn away from) Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory

Why did so many people refuse new discoveries

Because they contradicted ancient views about the world

Tyco Brahe and Johannes Kepler

Astronomers/mathematicians whose observations and data supported the Heliocentric model

What are French Calvinists known as

Huguenots

Politiques

Those who put aside personal religious beliefs in favor of political tranquility

Theocracy

State based on and run according to a religious doctrine

Which two foreign monarchs were taking new territory, becoming threats to European rulers

“Ivan the Terrible” and “Suleyman the Magnificent”

The main Anglican doctrine is that the power of state increased by combining secular and religious authority in what way

By using the king

Why did King Henry VIII want to use Protestantism

To get divorced and gain land