ZOOLOGY LAB FINAL EXAM

Anatomical Position

Standard reference point in medicine that is used to increase accuracy

Anatomical Position

To stand erect, facing forward, arms at the side, palms and toes directed forward

Sagittal Plane

Cardinal Plane that divides the body into left and right halves

Frontal or Coronal Plane

Cardinal Plane that divides the body intro front and back halves

Transverse plane

Cardinal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

Claudial or inferior

Located in the tail of the body

Cranial or cephalic or superior

Located at the head

Pelvic

Located at the hips

Oblique Section

Cuts made diagonally

Pectoral

Located at the chest

Anterior

Frontal or near the front region of the body

Posterior

hind or near the hind region of the body

Dorsal

Toward the back or near the back region of the body

Ventral

toward the belly or near the belly region of the body

Lateral

Located at the side or near the side relative to the center of the body

Medial or central

located or towards the middle part of the body relative to its center

Proximal

near the origin or point of attachment in the body

Distal

Far from the origin or point of attachment in the body

Superficial

Surface of the body

Deep

Within the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side

Contralateral

On opposite sides

Flexion

Movement of the body that refers to decreasing joint angle

Extension

Movement of the body that refers to Increasing joint angle

Abduction

Movement of the body that refers to Moving away from the midline

Adduction

Movement of the body that refers to moving toward the midline

Hyperflexion

Movement of the body that refers to flexion beyond normal range

Hyperextension

Movement of the body that refers to extension beyond normal range

Hyperabduction

Movement of the body that refers to Abduction past 180 degrees point

Hyperadduction

Movement of the body that refers to Adduction past 0 degree point

Circumduction

Movement in a conic fashion

Plantarflexion

Movement of the body that refers to increasing angle between foot and shank

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the body that refers to decreasing angle between foot and shank

Inversion

Movement of the body that refers to lifting the medial edge of foot

Eversion

Movement of the body that refers to lifting the lateral edge of foot

Median Rotation

Internal or inward rotation

Lateral Rotation

External or outward rotation

Midsagittal Plane

Sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Integumentary system

Set of organs that forms the external covering of the body and protects it from external environment

Integumentum

Latin word that means "to cover"

Skin

Main organ of the integumentary system

36 degrees celsius

Normal temperature of human body

presence of vocal sacs
size of the body
shape of snout or head
enlarge innermost digit
presence of dark spots in the neck or throat

Differences of male and female frogs

Rana vittigera

Scientific name of frog

Parts are similar to man
they are small, can be easily handles
they are readily available and cheaper
they have a well documented life cycle

Reasons why frogs are used as representative sample in zoology

Rainy season

Breeding season of frogs

Snout

Most anterior border of the head of the frog

Browspot

Vestigial eye located between the eyeballs

Eyes

Bulging structures which consists of three eyelids

Nictitating membrane

Transparent structure that covers the eye to protect it and keep it moist

External Nares

Two openings which are anteriorly located that serves as an entry and exit way of air

Tympanic Membrane

Two flat and rounded structures located laterally behind the eyeballs that receives sound waves

Trunk

main mass of the body

Forelimb

composed of the upper arm, lower arm, carpus, and manus

Mouth

Anterior opening of the frog's body

Hindlimb

Made up of the thigh, shanks, tarsus, and pes

Pes

Feet of the frog

Tarsus

Ankle of the frog

Carpus

Wrist of the frog

Manus

Hand of the frog

Digits

Fingers and toes of the frog

Web

Located in between the digits in the hindlimb which allows them to push themselves in the water for swimming

Esophagus

Tube that connects the mouth and the stomach

Glottis

opening from the mouth in the respiratory system, to the vocal cord or lungs

Tongue

Muscular structure attached tot he front of the mouth which can be extended

Maxillary Teeth

Sharp teeth in the maxillary that holds captured prey

Vomerine Teeth

Small projections in the top of a frog's mouth that holds captured prey

Eustachian Tube Opening

Mouth openings that lead to tubes that connect to the middle ear to equalize air pressure

Cloacal Opening

Opening of cloaca through which indigested food, urine, and sperm are passed

Vocal Sacs

Flexible membrane of skin that is used for amplification of a male's mating call

Muscular System

Organ system that is responsible for the movement of the body; made out of muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle tissue

A type of muscle tissue that has striations and is involved in voluntary movements

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A type of muscle tissue that has striations and is involved in involuntary movements like propelling blood in circulation

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A type of muscle tissue that does not have striations and is involved in involuntary movements like giving birth

40%

Percentage of muscles to our body weight

Gluteus maximus

largest muscle in the body

Ear

Part of the body that contains the smallest muscle and bone

Masseter

Strongest muscle by weight, located in the jaw

Cardiac Muscle

the hardest-working muscle in the body

Myology

the study of the structure and functions of muscles

Fascia

connective tissue membrane lining the outer surface of the muscles, dense fibrous, connective tissue

Tendon

Formed by fascia

Aponeuroses

flat tendons

Protractor

pushes a part away from the base

Supinator

rotator that turns a part upward

Pronator

rotator the turns a part downward

Temporalis

broad muscle posterior to the eye and on the same level as the tympanum

Depressor Mandibulae

flat fan shaped muscles posterior to the temporalis that originates from the tough fascia in the middorsal line. It inserts into the lower jaw and serves as a jaw depressor.

Latissimus dorsi

Broad muscles posterior to and partly covered by the depressor mandibulae

Longissimus Dorsi

Posterior to the latissimus dorsi these muscles are attached to the anterior third of the urostyle and skull. They are inserted along the vertebral column and they serve as extensor of the back and levator of the head.

Coccygeosacralis

A pair of narrow V – shaped muscles posterior to the longissimus dorsi

Coccygeoilliacus

A pair of broad V shaped muscles posterior to coccygeo sacralis.

Mylohyoid

A large transverse muscle on the ventral surface of the mouth floor this muscle

Median Raphe

A midventral connective tissue partition that divides the mylohyoid into left and right portions

Anterior Pectoralis

This muscle lies immediately posterior to the strenoradialis and the most anterior of the chest muscle. It originates from the epicoracoidea and it is inserted into the deltoid ridge; it acts as adductor and rotator of the arm.

Middle Pectoralis

Posterior to the anterior pectoralis. this muscle takes origin from the mesosternum and xiphisternum. It is inserted into the ventral portion of the proximal end of the humerus and adducts and rotates the arm.

Posterior Pectoralis

Postero – lateral to the middle pectoralis. it extends to almost the entire portion of the median surface of the trunk. It is inserted into the deltoid ridge; it serves as adductor and rotator of the arm.

Rectus Adbominis

This longitudinal muscle extends to each side of the linea alba

Linea Alba

a strip of connective tissue that acts as a partition on the midventral line.

Inscriptiones tendinae

Divides the rectus adbominis into muscle segments.