Intro to Seed Plants PT.2 - Gymnosperms (not on exam 3)

What are the basic characteristics of plant kingdoms?

autotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, non-mobile, cellulose-rich cell walls, alternations of generations life cycle, special adaptations for life on land

What are the characteristics of seed plants?

heterosporous, spores remain within sporangia, have seeds, have pollen

What is a seed?

a matured ovule containing an embryo

What does heterosporous mean?

makes 2 different kinds of spores

What does the ovule consist of?

a megasporangium

The ovule is surrounded by tissue called _____

integuments

What is a micropyle?

opening in integument tissue, allow entry of sperm

What is a nucellus?

fleshy megasporangium of seeds

Megaspores are _____ released from the megasporangium

never

After fertilization, what do seeds consist of?

embryo, stored food, seed coat

The seed coat is derived from ____

integuments

What are the 2 major groups of seed plants?

gymnosperms, angiosperms

Gymnosperms are called “naked seeds” because….

seeds aren’t enclosed within a fruit

Angiosperms are flowering plants with….

seeds enclosed within fruits

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes

Draw the heterosporous life cycle

Draw an ovule

Gymnosperms sperm is…

not motile

What is the microgametophyte also called?

pollen grain

How is the microgametophyte (pollen grain) transferred to the megagametophyte?

by wind

Microgametophyte

male, pollen grain

What is the megagametophyte also called?

embryo sac

Megagametophyte

female, embryo sac

Conifers include…

firs, pines, spruces, cedars, redwoods

Many conifers have great ____ ____ like ______ & ______

commercial value, paper, Christmas trees

Pines produce ___-____ leaves in bundles called _____

needle-like, fascicles

Pines produce ____ in separate cones or ____

sporangia, strobili

In pines, the megasporangiate or ____ ___ produce ____

ovulate cones, ovules

Pine microsporangiate (male) cones are ____ composed of ______ subtending ______

strobili, microsporophylls, microsporangia

In pines, where are microsporangia located?

inside each flap of microsporangiate

In seed plants, the _____ ____ is the microgametophyte

pollen grain

A pollen grain consists of what 2 cells?

generative cell, tube cell

Generative cell

divides to make 2 sperm

Tube cell

grows into pollen tube

Pollen grains are winged for better ____ ____

wind dispersal

In pine megasporangiate (female) cones, ovulate cones are composed of _____ ____ arranged around an ____

ovuliferous scales, axis

In Pine megasporangiate cones, Ovuliferous scales are modified ___

branches

In Pine megasporangiate cones, What is a ovuliferous scale?

flaps/points of pine cone, attached to axis in center of cone

In Pine megasporangiate cones: Each ovuliferous scale bears….

2 ovules

In Pine megasporangiate cones: Megasporocyte undergoes ____ to produce ____

meiosis, megaspores

In Pine megasporangiate cones, Only 1 ______ survives to become the _____

megaspore, megagametophyte

Spores ____ go out into the environment

never

Spores never leave the ____, they stay inside to _____

sporangia, grow

How does sperm enter the ovule?

through the micropyle

An egg is called ____ before fertilization, after fertilization it is called a ____

ovule, seed

What is the purpose of a seed coat?

protection

Megasporangium contains ____

megaspores

Where is the ovule located?

in megaspore, located in pinecone