carbonyls and carboxylic acids

carbonyl compounds

aldehydes and ketones

carbonyl functional group

C=O

where is carbonyl group in aldehydes

end of the carbon chain

where is carbonyl group in ketones

middle of the carbon chain

reactions of carbonyls

oxidation,reduction,nucleophilic addition

oxidation of aldehydes

they can be oxidised by acidifed potassium dichromate under reflux conditions to carboxylic acids

oxidation of ketones

cant be oxidised by acidified pottasium dichromate

what can aldehydes and ketones be reduced to 

primary and secondary alcohols

reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones

NaBH4 or HCN or KCN

general oxidation of aldehyde equation

general reduction of ketone equation

what is the mechnism for teh reduction of carbonyls

nucelophilic addition

nucelophilic addition of ethanal with NaBH4

nucelophilic addition of propanone with NaBH4

reduction of ethanal with CN

reduction of propanone with CN

what is formed when carbonyl reduced with CN

hydroxy nitrile

acidified pottasium dischromate to test

adding it to aldehyde or alcohol will change colour from orange to green but not for ketone

bradys reagent test for carbonyle `

can be used to identify aldehyde and ketone and forms a bright orange precipitate

how to further identify carbonyls after bradys reageent 

The orange derivative crystals produced are filtered and then purified by recrystallisation. After purification, the melting point of the derivative is measured and compared to known values in a database. By matching the measured melting point to a known value, the original carbonyl compound can be identified.

tollens reagent test for carbonyls

distinguish between aldehyde and ketone as aldehyde is easily oxidised into carboxyluc acud so aldehyde produces silver mirror

Why is nucleophilic addition involved heterolyric fission

oxygen receives both electrons and it is a breaking of covalent bond

functional group of carboxylic acid

-cooh

how to name carboxylic acid

suffix oic acid and takes priority

if there is carboxylic aid and alcohol present how to name

use alcohol prefix carbonyl and oic acid as suffix

what takes prioirty when naming 

carboxylic acid,aldehyde,ketone

solubility of carboxylic acids in water

they are soluble as form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

polarity of carboxylic acids

polar molecules since electrons are drawn from the carbon atoms in the carbonyl groups towards the more electronegative oxygen atoms

how does solubility of carboxylic acids change as get bigger 

as they get bigger they get less soluble as length of non polar hydrocarbons chain length increases lowering interaction between carboxylic acid molecule with water molecule

how can carboxylic acids be prepared

oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes under reflux using acidified pottasium dichromate or hydrolysis of nitrile compounds,hydrolysis of esters

what type of acids are carboxylic acids

weak acids

what happens to carboxylic acids in water 

partially dissociate into a carboxylate ion and a H+ ion

reaction of carboxylic acid to carboxylate ion and H+ ion

the reaction is reversible but equilibrium lies to left as most of molecules dont dissociate

neutralisation reaction of carboxylic acids

react with bases in a neutralisation reaction to produce a salt

reaction of carboxylic acis with metal

salt and hydrogen

reaction  of carboxylic acid with carbonates 

forms salt,carbon dioxide and water

reaction of carboxylic acid with metal oxides/hydroides/base

form salt and water

what is the salt called from carboxlic acid

carboxylate salt

how is carboxylate salt shown 

negative ion first then positive showing charge

functional group of esters

COO

how to name ester

the alcohol becomes the prefix and the carboxylic acid gains the -oate suffix

name of ester for methanoic acdid and ethanol

ethyl methanoate

esterifcation reaction

ester formed by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of strong acid

conditions for esterification

-H+ catalyst - conc H2SO4

warm-reflux

example of esterification

as esterifcation is reversible what needs to be done

you need to seperate out product as it forms

how to seperate small esters compared to large 

small are very volatile so just warm mixture and distil of the ester

large esters are harder to form so heat under feflux and use distillation to seperate

acid anhydrife

formed from removing a molecule of water from 2 carboxylic acid molecules

functional group of acid anhydride

O=C-O-C=O

example of acid anhydrides formed

how to name acid anhydride

take away acid and add anhydride

esters formed from acid anhydride

acid anhydride react with alcohol to make esters

warm

example of formation of ester from acid anydride and alcohol

what is the other product of acid anydride and alcohol

carboxylic acid

how is carboxylic acid and ester seperated from acid anydride reaction

distillation

advantage of acid anhydride producing ester 

non reversible

hydrolysis of ester with acid

the ester is heated under reflux with a dilute acid, such as HCl or H₂SO₄, to produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

acid hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate

hydrolysis of ester with alkali

When the ester is heated under reflux with a dilute base like NaOH, the products are a carboxylate salt and alcohol. This method is generally irreversible due to the stability of the carboxylate salt.

alkali hydroylsis of ethyl ethanoate

how are acyl chlorides fromed `

when carboxylic acid reaccts with sulfur dichloride oxide/thionly chloride SOCl2

oh group replaced by cl

formation of acyl chloride equation

functional group of acyl chloride

COCl

what do acyl chloride names end in

-oyl chloride

general acyl halide reactons

reaction of acyl chloride with watter 

produces a carboxylic acid

reaction of acyl chloride with alcohol

produces ester

reaction of acyl chloride with ammonia

produces a primary amide

reaction of acyl chloride with amine 

oroduces a secondary amide

reaction of acyl chloride with phenol

produces ester