APUSH Period 4.4

What happened with this issue of the Barbary Pirates?

Barbary states on the North African coast were seizing US merchant ships, initially Washington and Adams had reluctantly agreed to pay the Barbary government, ruler of Tripoli demanded a higher sum from Jefferson

What was Jefferson’s response to the issue of the Barbary Pirates?

Refused to pay and sent a small fleet of the US Navy to the Mediterranean, fighting lasted 4 years with no decisive victory for US but gained some respect and offered a measure of protection to US vessels

What happened with the Challenges to US neutrality?

Napoleonic Wars continued in Europe, shaped commercial economy of the US, France and Britain attempted naval blockages of enemy ports, regularly seized ships of neutral nations and confiscated cargo, chief offender from US point of view was Britain since Navy dominated the Atlantic, most infuriating practice of British was them capturing US sailors who they claim were British citizens and forced them into their navy

What was Jefferson’s response to the challenges to US neutrality?

Nothing

What happened with the Chesapeake Leopard Affair?

Almost led to war, only a few miles off coast of Virginia in 1807, British worship Leopard fired on US warship Chesapeake killing 3 Americans and capturing 4 others to impress into the British army

What feeling ran high in America after the Chesapeake Leopard Affair?

Anti-British feeling ran high and many demanded war

What was Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake Leopard Affair?

Reported to diplomacy and economic pressure

What was Jefferson’s alternative to war?

The Embargo Act in 1807

What did Jefferson persuade the Democratic-Republican majority in Congress to pass?

The Embargo Act

WHat is the Embargo Act?

A measure that prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to anh foreign port

What was the US to Britain in terms of trade?

The largest trading partner

What did Jefferson hope the Embargo Act would do?

Stop British from violating neutral nation’s rights rather than lose the US

Did the Embargo Act work?

Backfired and borough greater economic hardships to the US as British were determined to control seas at all costs and had little difficulty substituting South America for us

What was the effect of the failure of the Embargo Act?

Devastating especially for merchant marine and shipbuilders in the Northeast, to the point they were ready to secede

What was Jefferson’s response to the failure of the Embargo Act?

Called for real in 1809 and in final days of his presidency after repeal, they could legally trade with all nations except Great Britain and France

What did Madison hope to do with the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809?

Madison hoped to end economic hardship from Embargo Act while maintaining country’s rights asa neutral national

What was the Non-intercouse Act of 1809?

Provided that Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France

What continued into 1810?

Economic hardships

What is Macon’s Bill No. 2?

Nathaniel Macon, member of Congress, introduced a bill that reported US trade with Britain and France, provided that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect US neutral rights at sea, then the US would prohibit trade with that nation’s foe

What was Napoleon’s (short man) announcement?

The intention of revoking the decrees that had violated US neutral rights

What did Madison (like an idiot) do after Napoleon’s announcement?

Took Napoleon’s word and stopped all US trade with Britain in 1811 but soon realized that Napoleon had no intention of fulfilling his promise as the French continued to seize American Merchant Ships (duh)

What did the US depend on white it came to trade?

Free flow of shipping across the Atlantic

How did free seas and trade cause the War of 1812?

British and French had no interest in respecting neutral rights as long as they were fighting, the US liked the French better even though both Britain and France violated neutral rights but British violations were worse because of British navy’s practice of impressing American sailors

What did Americans do on the frontier west?

British Canada and Spanish Florida

What was standing in the way of the Americans on the frontier getting what they wanted?

Britain and their Indian American and Spanish allies

What was a continual problem on the American frontier?

Conflicts with American Indians

When was the Battle of Tippecanoe?

1811

What happened in the Battle of Tippecanoe?

Destroyed Shawnee headquarters and ended Tecumseh’s efforts

Who provided a little aid in the Battle of Tippecanoe?

Britain

What are the causes of the Battle of Tippecanoe?

Shawnee Brothers Tecumseh and a religious leader called the Prophet attempted to unite all the tribes east of the Mississippi, white settlers became suspicious, persuaded governor of Indiana Territory, General William Henry Harrison to take aggressive action

What had the Congressional election in 1810 had brought?

A new young version of Democratic-Republicans known as War Hawks because of their eagerness for war with Britain

Who led the War Hawks?

Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

What did the War Hawks argue?

That war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada and destroy American Indian resistance on frontier

What finally persuaded Madison to seek a declaration of war against Britain?

British delays in meeting US demands over neutral rights combined with political pressure from War Hawks

What happened at the time that the US declared war (June 1812)?

Britain agreed to suspend its naval blockade, but this news reached the White House after Congress declared war

Which states supported the War of 1812?

Pennsylvania, Vermont, southern and western states

Which states opposed the War of 1812?

Most representatives from New York, New Jersey and New England

What happened in the Election of 1812?

Democratic-Republican strength in the South and West overcame Federalist and anti war Democratic-Republicans in the North and Madison won the reelection over De Witt Clinton

What did those who opposed the War of 1812 call it?

Mr. Madison’s War

Who were the most outspoken critics of the War of 1812?

Northeast merchants, Federalists, Quids or “old” Democratic-Republicans

Why did merchants oppose the War of 1812?

Because of repeal to Embargo Act, both commercial interests and religion (Protestant) made them more sympathetic to British rather than French Catholics

What did the Federalists see the War of 1812 as?

Democratic-Republican way to get Canada and Florida

What did the Quids criticize the War of 1812 because?

Because it violated classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited Federal power and maintenance of peace

How did Northeast Merchants view imprisonment?

As a minor thing

What did Madison’s military strategists base their hope of victory on?

Napoleon’s continued success in Europe which withered and died about this time and US Land campaign against Canada

What was the first military action of the US in 1812?

Poorly equipped American army initiated military action in 1812 by launching a three part invasion of Canada, Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain

How did the first military action of the US go?

Easily repulsed by British defenders

What happened during the first military action of the US?

An American raid and burning of government buildings in York or Toronto and 1813 only served to encourage retaliation by the British

What did the US Navy do?

Achieves some notable victories due largely to superior ship building in late 1812, American privateers began capturing British ships

What did the US warship Constitution (nicknamed Old Ironsides) do?

Defeated and sunk a British ship off coast of Nova Scotia

What was the British Navy able to do?

Block US coast, crippling trading and fishing

What happened in 1813 with the US Navy?

On Lake Erie, American Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared victory, led way for General William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of Thames where Tecumseh was killed

What happened in 1814 with the US Navy?

Ships commanded by Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain, British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England

What happened in Europe in Spring of 1814?

Napoleon was defeated allowing for greater forces in North America

What happened in the Summer of 1814?

British army marched through nation’s capital and set fire to White House, the Capitol and other government buildings

What did the British also attempt to take?

Baltimore but Fort McHenry held out during the night of bombardment

What did the event at Fort McHenry do?

Was immortalized by Francis Scott Key in “The Star Spangled Banner”

What did US troops in the South commanded by General Andrew Jackson in March of 1814 do?

At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in present day Alabama, Jackson ended power of important British ally, the Creek Nation, victory eliminated Indians and opened new lands

What did the British try to control but failed to?

The Mississippi River but was halted at New Orleans by Jackson leading a force of frontier soldiers, free African Americans, and Creoles

When was the Battle of New Orleans fought?

January 8, 1815, two weeks after treaty signed in Ghent, Belgium but before news reached the armies

What happened by 1814 and why?

British weary of war and Madison realized he couldn’t win

Where did American peace commissioners travel to?

Ghent, Belgium to discuss terms of peace with British diplomats

When was an agreement reached?

Christmas Eve, 1814

What did the terms reached Christmas Eve, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium halt?

Fighting and returned all conquered territory to prewar claimant and recognized prewar boundary between Canada and US

When was the Treaty of Ghent ratified by the Senate?

In 1815

What did the Treaty of Ghent say nothing about?

Grievances that led to the war

What did the British make no concessions about?

Those concerning impressment, blockades or their maritime differences and ending the war in a statement with no gains either way

What did Northeastern states threaten to do just because the war ended?

Secede from the Union

What did radical Federalists in New England threaten to do?

Amend the Constitution so that as a last resort, succession could be voted upon

What was the Hartford Convention?

Held in Hartford Connecticut in December 1814, delegates from New England rejected radical calls for succession and adopted the two thirds vote which requires 2/3 of the vote of both houses for any future declaration of war

What happened shortly after the Hartford Convention?

Dissolved news came of Jackson’s New Orlean’s victory and the Treaty of Ghent making the Federalists weaker and criticized for being unpatriotic

How did the US gain respect from other nations?

By surviving 2 wars with Britain

What territory did the US have to accept as a part of Britain?

Canada

What happened to the Federalist party and why?

Denounced for its talk of succession, came to an end asa national force and declined even in New England

What did the talk of nullification and succession in New England set a precedent for?

The things later used in the South

What happened to the American Indians after the War of 1812?

Were abandoned by British and forced to surrender lands to White settlement

What was the effect of the British naval blockade that limited European goods to America?

US factories were built and Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency

Who would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders?

War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

What feelings grew stronger in the United States after the War of 1812?

Nationalism as did the belief that the future for the United States lay in the West and away from Europe

What agreement took place during Monroe’s first year between the British and Americans in the Navy?

Agreed to a major disarmament pact, strictly limited naval armament on Great Lakes

What was the Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817?

Extended the agreement between Britain and American on the navy on the Great Lakes and placed limits on border fortifications as well, the border between the US and Canada was to become the longest unfortified border in the world

What was the Treaty of 1818?

Improved reactions between the US and Britain, the treaty provided sharied fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, joint occupation of the Oregon territory for ten years, the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana territory at the 49th parallel and establishing west US-Canada boundary line

What did President Monroe commission in late 1817?

General Jackson to stop raiders and if necessary pursue them across border into Florida

How did Jackson carry out his orders in late 1817?

With vengeance and went beyond his instructions

What did Jackson do in 1818?

Led a force of militia into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, hung 2 Seminole chiefs, captured Pensacola, drove out Spanish governor, hung 2 British traders accused of aiding Seminoles

What did many in Congress fear?

Jackson's actions would precipitate war with both Spain and Britain but British decided not to intervene

What did Spain worry about?

That the US would seize Florida and were already preoccupied with troubles in Latin America

What did Spain do about FLorida?

Turned all it possessions in Florida and its own claims in the Oregon territory in exchange the US agreed to assume $5 million in claims against Spain and give up any US territorial claims to Spanish providence of Texas

What is the treaty that gave the US Florida and Spain Texas called?

The Adams-Onis Treaty

What type of growth did the US focus on?

Its own growth but did not ignore ambitions of Europe on West Hemisphere

What was happening in Europe in 1815?

Restoration of a number of monarchies in Europe after Napoleon fall in 1815, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia worked to suppress liberal elements in Italy, Spain and Germany

Who did the US consider helping?

Spain return to power in South America where a number of republics declared independence

What did Russia’s presence in Alaska do?

Worry the British and US as they spread south to San Francisco Bay

What did Great Britain and the US decide?

They had a common interest in protecting North and South America

What did British naval power in Latin America deter from?

Spanish attempting a comeback in Latin America

What did maintaining Birtish trade in Latin American republics require?

Diplomacy

What did British Foreign Secretary George Canning propose to Richard Rush, US minister in London?

A joint Anglo-American warning to European powers to not intervene in South America

What did Monroe and most of his advisers think about Canning’s idea of joint declaration?

Thought it made sense but John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State, disagreed

What did John Quincy Adams believe about the joint action with Britain?

Would restrict US opportunities for further expansion into hemisphere

What were John Quincy Adams’ reasons for the US acting alone?

Britain could be counted upon to stand behind US policy and no European power would reist going to war in South America as British navy would beat aggressor