Chapter 9: Strayer Ways of the World 4th Edition

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

British Textile Industry

The site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain, where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output.

middle class society

British social stratum developed in the nineteenth century, composed of small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and other professionals required in an industrial society; politically liberal, they favored constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits; had ideas of thrift, hard work, rigid morality, "respectability," and cleanliness.

ideology of domesticity

This attitude of the middle classes in industrial Britain defined the home and charity work as the proper activities for women, as opposed to encouraging them to work for a living; the attitude kept women from the middle class from working for themselves.

lower middle class

Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population.

laboring class

Middle/working class people working in the factories/mills in industrial England. Most of whom were subjected to horrible conditions/low wages and lead bleak lives. The rise of "greater worker insecurity" and lack of power over their own lives added to the growing wealth gap. Many merchants/hand-workers were put out of business and forced into factory labor. (Ex: Weavers of Coventry)

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Labour Party

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

Socialism in the United States

1750-1914 : Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate

Progressives

American political party of the 1890s that pushed for reforms like wages and hours legislation, better sanitation, antitrust laws, and greater governmental intervention in the economy

Russian Revolution of 1905

a suppressed revolution that forced the tsar's regime to make more substantial reforms like granting a constitution, legalizing trade unions and political parties, and permitting the election of the national assembly (the Duma)

Caudillos

By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.

Latin American export boom

Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

dependent development

Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.