AbPsy - Chapter 12: Personality Disorders

Personality

characteristic ways a person behaves and thinks.

Personality

refers to the enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns

"personality disorders."

When personality characteristics interfere with relationships with others, cause the person distress, or, in general disrupt activities of daily living

personality disorder

persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships

Distress

may be experienced by the person with the PD or by others around them

Cluster A-odd or eccentric cluster,

Cluster B-the dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster

Cluster C-the anxious or fearful cluster

PERSONALITY DISORDERS CLUSTERS

Paranoid PD, Schizoid PD, Schizotypal PD

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder

defining characteristic is a pervasive unjustified distrust

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Extreme preference for isolation • seem neither to desire nor to enjoy closeness with others, including romantic or sexual relationships.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

show a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions; seem neither to desire nor to enjoy closeness with others, including romantic or sexual relationships

extremely high levels of introversion (especially low on warmth, gregariousness, and positive emotions); also low on openness to feelings (one facet of openness to experience) and on achievement striving

Five factor model of schizoid pd

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Have psychotic-like (but not psychotic) symptoms (such as believing everything relates to them personally), social deficits, and sometimes cognitive impairments or paranoia.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

DSM-5 includes this disorder under both the heading of a personality disorder and under the heading of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Histrionic PD, Narcissistic PD, Antisocial PD, Borderline PD

Cluster B personality disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

tendency to persistently disregard and violate the rights of others

• characterized as having a history of failing to comply with social norms

• to be irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful • lifelong pattern of unsocialized and irresponsible behavior with little regard for safety— either their own or that of others

• These characteristics bring them into repeated conflict with society, and a high proportion end up becoming incarcerated.

• Aggressive; lying and cheating seem to be second nature to them

Cleckley criteria

Hervey Cleckley - psychopathic personality - identified a constellation of 16 major characteristics, most of which are personality traits and are sometimes referred to as the "____."

Glibness/superficial charm, grandiose sense of self-worth, pathological lying, conning/manipulative, lack of remorse or guilt, callous/lack of empathy

six criteria of the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R)

Cleckley/Hare criteria

focus primarily on underlying personality traits

intelligence quotient (IQ)

What separates many with APD from those who get into trouble with the law may be their ___

Conduct Disorder

involves severe behaviors that violate the rights of others or societal norms. Behaviors may involve aggression towards others, animals, and/or destruction of property all of which could result in legal consequences.

Conduct Disorder

diagnosis for children who engage in behaviors that violate society's norms; diagnosed in individuals below 18.

childhood-onset type, adolescent-onset type, additional subtype: "with a callous-unemotional presentation"

two subtypes of conduct disorder

childhood-onset type

onset of at least one criterion characteristic of CD prior to age 10 years)

adolescent-onset type

absence of any criteria characteristic of CD prior to age 10 years

Underarousal hypothesis, Fearlessness hypothesis, Model of brain functioning

Arousal theories of cd

Underarousal hypothesis

psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal; they seek stimulation to boost their chronically low levels of arousal

Fearlessness hypothesis

psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than most other individuals

Model of brain functioning

the BIS and the reward system, have been used to explain the behavior of people with psychopathy; the possible malfunctioning of these systems is clear.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Show a pattern of behavior characterized by impulsivity and instability in their interpersonal relationships, their self-image, and their moods • Moods and relationships are unstable, and usually they have a poor self-image

emotionally unstable disorder

____ is used in ICD-10 for bpd

Borderline Personality Disorder

tend to have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions

• they often engage in behaviors that are suicidal, self-mutilative, or both, cutting, burning, or punching themselves

mood disorders (MDD and Bipolar II), eating disorders

comorbidity with bpd

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

treatment for bpd, involves helping people cope with the stressors that seem to trigger suicidal behaviors and other maladaptive responses.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Key characteristics: Excessive attention-seeking behavior and emotionality

• inclined to express their emotions in an exaggerated fashion

• These individuals tend to feel unappreciated if they are not the center of attention; their lively, dramatic, and excessively extraverted styles

• seek reassurance and approval constantly and may become upset or angry when others do not attend to them or praise them

theatrical

meaning of histrionic

antisocial pd

histrionic pd has a possible relationship with this personality disorder

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Key characteristics: exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for the feelings of others.

• have an unreasonable sense of self-importance and are so preoccupied with themselves that they lack sensitivity and compassion for other people

grandiosity

exaggerated feelings and their fantasies of greatness

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Expect special attention, tend to use or exploit others for their own interests and show little empathy, can be envious and arrogant

Kohut

arises largely from a profound failure by the parents of modeling empathy early in a child's development.

Kohut

possible cause of Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Cluster C personality disorders

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Show extreme social inhibition and introversion, leading to lifelong patterns of limited social relationships and reluctance to enter into social interactions. Because of their hypersensitivity to, and fear of, criticism and disapproval, they do not seek out other people, yet they desire affection and are often lonely and bored.

avoidant personality disorder

Feeling inept and socially inadequate are the two most prevalent and stable features of ____.

social phobia

avoidant pd has the same treatment with ___

Dependent Personality Disorder

Show an extreme need to be taken care of, which leads to clinging and submissive behavior.

Dependent Personality Disorder

They also show acute fear at the possibility of separation or sometimes of simply having to be alone because they see themselves as inept (unreasonable fear of abandonment)

• Behavioral characteristics, including submissiveness, timidity, and passivity.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Characterized by a fixation on things being done "the right way" • Perfectionism and an excessive concern with orderliness and control • Their perfectionism is also often quite dysfunctional in that it can result in them never finishing projects.

People with OCPD do not have true obsessions or compulsive rituals as is the case with obsessive-compulsive disorder

difference with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder and OCD