Chemical Tests

Experiment B1.1 - B1.13

Bromine Test

It detects unsaturation (alkenes/alkynes) via addition reaction with bromine

Bromine and Water

What are the reagents present in the Bromine Test?

No Color

In the Bromine Test, the Positive Result is?

Reddish Brown (No Change)

In the Bromine Test, the Negative Result is?

Electrophilic Addition

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Bromine Test?

Iodine Test

This test identifies starch or unsaturation in organic compounds

Iodine Crystals & Liquid

What are the reagents present in the Iodine Test?

Blue-Black (Starch) or Decolorization (Unsaturation)

In the Iodine Test, the Positive Result is?

Yellow or Brown (No Change)

In the Iodine Test, the Negative Result is?

Adsorption / Addition Reaction

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Iodine Test?

Nitration Test

This is a test for aromatic rings via electrophilic substitution

Conc. HNO3 + H2SO4 (Acid Catalyst)

What are the reagents present in the Nitration Test?

Yellow/Orange Oily Layer

In the Nitration Test, the Positive Result is?

Yellow (No Change)

In the Nitration Test, the Negative Result is?

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Nitration Test?

Baeyer’s Test

It is a test that detects unsaturation using alkaline KMnO4

Diluted KMnO4

What are the reagents present in the Baeyer’s Test?

Brown Color

In the Baeyer’s Test, the Positive Result is?

Purple (No Change)

In the Baeyer’s Test, the Negative Result is?

Redox Reaction (Reduction-Oxidation)

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Baeyer’s Test?

Ceric Nitrate Test

It is a test that identifies alcohols via complex formation with ceric ammonium nitrate

Ammonium & Cerium (IV) Nitrate in HNO3

What are the reagents present in the Ceric Nitrate Test?

Red Color

In the Ceric Nitrate Test, the Positive Result is?

Yellow (No Change)

In the Ceric Nitrate Test, the Negative Result is?

Redox Reaction (Reduction-Oxidation)

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Ceric Nitrate Test?

Ferric Chloride Test

It is a test that detects phenols through complexation with Fe3+ ions

FeCl3 in H2O

What are the reagents present in the Ferric Chloride Test?

Intense Violet, Blue, Green, or Red Complex (Depends on Phenol)

In the Ferric Chloride Test, the Positive Result is?

Yellow (No Change)

In the Ferric Chloride Test, the Negative Result is?

Complex Formation

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Ferric Chloride Test?

Lucas’ Test

This test differentiates alcohols based on reactivity with the Lucas reagents

ZnCl2 and Conc. HCl

What are the reagents present in the Lucas’ Test?

Cloudiness or Layer Formation

In the Lucas’ Test, the Positive Result is?

No to Slow Reaction

In the Lucas’ Test, the Negative Result is?

SN1 Nucleophilic Substitution

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Lucas’ Test?

Jones’ Test

It identifies primary and secondary alcohols and aldehydes via oxidation

CrO3 and H2SO4

What are the reagents present in the Jones’ Test?

Green Precipitate

In the Jones’ Test, the Positive Result is?

Orange (No Change)

In the Jones’ Test, the Negative Result is?

Oxidation

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Jones’ Test?

Brady’s Test/DNPH

It is a test that detects carbonyl groups (aldehydes/ketones)

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine and Acid Catalyst (Usually HCL)

What are the reagents present in the Brady’s Test?

Yellow/Orange Precipitate

In the Brady’s Test, the Positive Result is?

No Precipitate

In the Brady’s Test, the Negative Result is?

Condensation Reaction

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Brady’s Test?

Tollen’s Test

It detects aldehydes via silver mirror formation

AgNO3 and NH3

What are the reagents present in the Tollen’s Test?

Silver Mirror or Black Precipitate on Test Tube Walls

In the Tollen’s Test, the Positive Result is?

Clear Solution (No Change)

In the Tollen’s Test, the Negative Result is?

Oxidation-Reduction

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Tollen’s Test?

Iodoform Test

It identifies methyl ketones or alcohols with CH3CH(OH) group

I₂ and NaOH

What are the reagents present in the Iodoform Test?

Yellow Precipitate

In the Iodoform Test, the Positive Result is?

Clear or Brown (No Change)

In the Iodoform Test, the Negative Result is?

Halogenation and Cleavage

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Iodoform Test?

Hydroxamic Acid Test

It detects esters via conversion to hydroxamic acid and complexation with Fe³⁺

Hydroxylamine and Fe³⁺

What are the reagents present in the Hydroxamic Acid Test?

Burgundy or Violet Color

In the Hydroxamic Acid Test, the Positive Result is?

Yellow (No Change)

In the Hydroxamic Acid Test, the Negative Result is?

Hydroxamic Acid Formation and Complexation

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Hydroxamic Acid Test?

Hinsberg Test

It differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary amines

Benzenesulfonyl Chloride (C_⁶H₅SO₂Cl) and NaOH

What are the reagents present in the Hinsberg Test?

Blue ; Red

In the Hinsberg Test, once HCL is added to the the Acid, it results from ________ to _________?

Red ; Blue

In the Hinsberg Test, once HCL is added to the the Base, it results from ________ to _________?

No Color or Pale Yellow (No Change)

In the Hinsberg Test, the Negative Result is?

SN1 Nucleophilic Substitution

What is the Chemical Principle involved in the Hinsberg Test?