AP World History Multiple Choice Test Review

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT

African Monetary Systems

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions?

Western Africa

Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were

Free peasants

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind."
Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967
Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above?

Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible.
In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence.
In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor.
In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns.
In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God.
In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease."
Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604
All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT:

The disease led to the arrival of Dominican Friars.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible.
In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence.
In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor.
In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns.
In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God.
In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease."
Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"?

The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible.
In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence.
In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor.
In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns.
In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God.
In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease."
Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century?

The Maya were converted to Christianity.

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes?

The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar.

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms.
1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen.
2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted.
3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island.
4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners.
5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice."
Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.
The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ?

The increasing expansion and centralization of state power.

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms.
1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen.
2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted.
3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island.
4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners.
5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice."
Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.
The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ?

Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms.
1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen.
2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted.
3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island.
4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners.
5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice."
Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.
Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to

Suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries.
Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation?

European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible.
Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage?

Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa.

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.?

Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that

Regulated interactions with foreigners.

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was

The introduction of new crops from the Americas

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?

Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.

[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.]
"Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions."
[Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers]
"Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies."
[Judge's decision]
"The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair."
The judge's decision in the case is best understood in the context of colonial authorities' policy of

Ensuring the intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order.

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850(in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies)

*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia.
Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57
For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions

Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850(in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies)

*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia.
Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57
Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century

The development of powerful joint-stock commerical companies.

CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850(in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies)

*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia.
Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57
On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?

The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver.

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own."
Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to
The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in tha

In South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states.

Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century?

There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT
Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054-1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans.

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century?

Both incorporated forced labor.

Image 1
Ivory tip for a king's ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800

Werner Forman Archive / Bridgeman Images
Image 2
Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800

Kongo. Crucifix. Stone, pigment, 13 x 6 1/2 x 2 1/2 in. (33.0 x 16.6 x 6.4 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Museum Expedition 1922, Robert B. Woodward Memorial Fund, 22.240.
The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750?

The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread.