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National Child Labor Committee
An organization established in 1904 to promote legislation against child labor.
Triangle Shirtwaist Disaster of 1911
A tragic fire in a New York City garment factory that resulted in the deaths of 146 workers, highlighting safety standards.
National Consumers League
An organization advocating for workers' rights and consumer protection, founded in 1899.
Square Deal
President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on consumer protection, conservation, and labor rights.
1902 Anthracite Coal Strike
A strike by coal miners that led to the first federal intervention on behalf of labor.
Northern Securities Trust case
A Supreme Court case that dismantled a major railroad monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Meat Inspection Act
A law passed in 1906 to ensure sanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Legislation aimed at preventing misbranded and adulterated food and drugs.
Hepburn Act
A 1906 law that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's authority over railroad rates.
Teddy Roosevelt’s environmental advocacy
Roosevelt's efforts to conserve natural resources and protect wildlife.
16th Amendment
The constitutional amendment that established the federal income tax.
referendum
A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.
recall
A procedure that allows voters to remove an elected official from office.
initiative
A process that allows citizens to propose legislation and vote on it directly.
Children’s Bureau
A federal agency established to address issues impacting children and families.
17th Amendment
The constitutional amendment that established the direct election of U.S. Senators.
National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
A prominent organization advocating for women's right to vote.
Carrie Chapman Catt
A leader in the women's suffrage movement and president of NAWSA.
National Women’s Party
An organization founded to advocate for women's suffrage through more militant tactics.
Alice Paul
A women's rights activist who played a significant role in the suffrage movement.
19th Amendment
The constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.
Ida B. Wells
An African American journalist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States.
Booker T. Washington
An African American educator and leader who emphasized vocational training for blacks.
Tuskegee Institute
A historically black college founded by Booker T. Washington focusing on vocational training.
“Atlanta Compromise” speech
A speech by Booker T. Washington that advocated for vocational education for African Americans.
W.E.B. DuBois
An African American civil rights leader and co-founder of the NAACP.
Souls of Black Folk
A seminal work by W.E.B. Du Bois advocating for civil rights and higher education.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
An organization founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights for African Americans.
McClure’s magazine
A publication known for investigative journalism that exposed corruption.
Lincoln Steffens
A muckraking journalist known for exposing municipal corruption.
Muckrakers
Journalists who sought to expose corruption and societal issues in the early 20th century.
Ida Tarbell
A muckraker known for her work on the Standard Oil Company and investigative journalism.
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
A novel that exposed conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to reforms.
“Old Guard” Republicans vs. Progressive Republicans
A division within the Republican Party, with old guard favoring traditional policies and progressives advocating for reforms.
Wisconsin Idea
A progressive reform agenda by Robert Lafollete promoting government innovation and public participation.
“trust busting”
The act of breaking up monopolies and trusts under antitrust laws.
good trusts vs. bad trusts
The distinction made by Theodore Roosevelt between beneficial monopolies and harmful ones.
conservationist
A person who advocates for the protection of the environment and natural resources.
preservationist
An individual who seeks to protect nature from use or development.
John Muir
An influential conservationist known for founding the Sierra Club.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
A 1909 tariff act that raised certain tariffs and caused a split in the Republican Party.
Ballinger-Pinchot dispute
A feud between government officials over the management of public lands.
Bull Moose Party
A progressive political party established by Teddy Roosevelt in 1912.
Socialist Party and Eugene V. Debs
A political party advocating for socialism, with Debs as a prominent leader.
“New Nationalism”
The progressive political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt advocating for social justice.
“New Freedom”
Wilson's approach focused on restoring economic opportunities and eliminating monopolies.
“triple wall of privilege”
Wilson's term for the tariffs, banks, and trusts he aimed to reform.
pragmatism
A philosophical approach assessing the truth of beliefs by their practical effects.
Jane Addams
A social reformer known for her work in social change and women's rights.
Florence Kelley
An activist fighting for labor rights and consumer protection through advocacy.
Clayton Antitrust Act
A 1914 law that strengthened antitrust laws and protected labor unions.
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