History 151 Midterm Study Guide

The Black Legend

- Las Casas

- Semi fictional & exaggerated

- narrative

- Spanish are cruel colonizers

- Anti-Spanish & Anti-Catholic

The Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

- Despite the claims agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas, the French, Portuguese, and English also set about creating new colonies, but many failed. The Spanish had a concerning head start

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

- discovered the moons of Jupiter, cannon balls of various sizes accelerate the same

- Disproved many Aristotelian theories, and supported heliocentric theory

Bartolomé de las Casas

Sixteenth-century Dominican priest/friar whose account of the atrocities committed by Spanish colonists in the New World - A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies - helped to improve Spain's treatment of indigenous people.

The Peace of Augsburg

Agreement in 1555 in which the princes of the Holy Roman Empire gained the right to determine the official religion of the territories they ruled but effectively prohibited any form of Protestantism other than the Lutheran faith.

- Temporary end to fighting in Germany, except for Calvinists. The solution was only temporary because of tyranny.

-the first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany

Sola fide/sola scriptura

faith alone and scripture alone

95 Theses

95 statements of faith questioning the doctrine of the Church, including the sale of indulgences. Martin Luther nailed them to the Church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517. The theses called out the abuses of the Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences.

Diet of Worms

A meeting of the principal German rulers under the leadership of the Holy Roman Emperor, to which Martin Luther was invited to defend himself in 1521.

"Here I stand: I can do no other"

Baroque Art

art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit

Council of Trent

Clarified and asserted Catholic doctrine, conceding nothing to the reformers. Faith plus works. Scripture plus tradition.

German Peasants' War

1524-1525

Peasants rose up on mass to follow Luther's message, they wanted to strike, Luther disowns the movement

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus religious order founded in 1540. Jesuits sought to provide a high-quality Catholic education and combat Protestantism. The order was dedicated to the strength and glory of the Church and became central to the Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

- Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

- If the Church said it's true, it is, and soldiers of Christ & militant army

Edict of Nantes

A decree establishing religious toleration for Protestants issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598. The Edict made France one of the few European countries to allow both Protestants and Catholics to worship legally. When Louis XIV revoked the Edict in 1685, a great many Huguenots left the country.

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

The Thirty Years' War

A series of wars in Europe from 1618 to 1648 that were grounded in both religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics and in territorial and political disputes between the Holy Roman Empire and other European powers. The War was concluded by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

- War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with the Treaty of Westphalia.

- A turning point in Church/State relations, defenestration of Prague (throw out the window), seesaw battle, every major power in Europe got involved, robbing & looting civilians, up to 2/3 of civilian population killed in Germany, 1/4 of German population lost

The Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, and led to the creation of states. Established the principle of "balance of power" in Europe, froze Europe's religious divisions for centuries to come, and opened rulers to the compromise solutions of diplomacy.

- Restored peace among the major powers in Europe, marked a decline in the power of Spain & the Holy Roman Empire, centers of power shift, helped establish modern notions of sovereignty, government had the ultimate say & a monopoly on legitimate use of violence within a given territory, boarders of states are sacred.

Divine Right of Kings

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

- rulers derived their power and authority directly from God

The Glorious Revolution

Political transformation engineered by Parliament's Whig leaders that deposed James II and anointed Prince William of Orange and Mary as joint rulers of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It barred Catholics from the throne, strengthened the powers of the Parliament, and limited powers of the Monarch.

Animistic vs. Mechanistic

Animistic: relating to Aristotle's description of natural phenomena as resembling living things in having goals and aspirations and in being motivated to reach a particular state

Mechanistic: relating to a view advanced by seven-teeth century philosophers that the natural world worked by purely mechanical processes which scientists could discover and understand, and that inanimate objects possessed no will, intention, or desire, as Aristotelians had long believed.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, and writer. Father of the empirical method (reproduce results, experimentation, testing evidence, test theories). 1520 Novum Organum (new instrument). Inductive reasoning: to build off a small observation.

René Descartes

17th-century French philosopher. Famously known for writing "cogito ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"). Deductive reasoning: starting with truth and breaking it down. Longed for a simple, unquestionable form of truth. Believed that senses could deceive (Satan, an "evil genius", misled the mind).

2 opposing methods for arriving at truth:

1.) based on observation of physical evidence (empiricism)

2.) based on reason and fundamental truth (rationalism)

Malleus Maleficarum

Bad magic

German book published in 1487 outlining the nature and appearance of witches. The image that theauthors create of witches still exist largely untouched today.

Kramer's Hammer of Witches 1486:

Dissatisfied with the Pope's response, Kramer set out his own.

(Women are easily influenced and more susceptible to sexual temptation)

Diabolism

worship of the devil

Sturm und Drang

"Storm and Stress." A literary movement in the late-eighteenth-century Germany. Auflarung took over in the late 18th-Century

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

- Renowned for his acerbic tongue, he questioned why things were the way they were. He had a negative view of humanity, he disbanded arbitrary traditions and abusive institutions, including the Roman Catholic Church. He was also a dyed-in-the-wool elitist who had little faith in the abilities of common men and women.

The General Will

According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.

The will of the people as a whole.

Natural Law

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.

(a theory in ethics and philosophy that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior. Natural law maintains that these rules of right and wrong are inherent in people and are not created by society or court judges)

Salons

Gatherings in which the hostesses invited people to their homes for the reading and discussion of plays, poems, and other writings. In the eighteenth century, salons encompassed an intellectual and social elite, becoming part of the public sphere that disseminated Enlightened ideas.

- the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

- Meeting thrown by a noble, debate contemporary ideas, epicenter where people talk

Public Sphere

The formal and informal institutions outside of the home in which Enlightened ideas were developed and disseminated.

(the notion of the public sphere is at the center of participatory approaches to democracy. the public sphere is the arena where citizens come together, exchange opinions regarding public affairs, discuss, deliberate, and eventually form public opinion.)

Parlements

Estates General, Absolute Monarchy, Parliaments (courts), Remonstrances

- 13 Parliaments (they're like Supreme Courts)

- Registering decrees by King, can express opinions or write a dissenting opinion (remonstrances) not meant to be published, meant for institution

- Court system staffed by nobles, dissenting

- Publish remonstrances

What is the Third Estate?

Writing in December 1788, the Abbe Sieyès offered a new argument about who should hold power in the Estates General (pamphlet, arguing which estate is most legit)

- Pamphlet written by Abbe Sieyes in January 1789. It declared the nobility to be a useless caste that should be abolished. Only the Third Estate was necessary and was identical with the nation - should therefore be sovereign. Through these writings of Sieyes the ideas of Rousseau 's Social Contract entered the revolution. They also added to the fear between the classes even before the meeting of the Estates General.

August Decrees

- August 4th Vote - National Assembly Voted to end nobles' privileges, manorial dues, hunting rights, legal status, tax exemption (Equality of all taxes) "...all those originating in or representing real or personal serfdom shall be abolished without indemnification"

- Assaults on Noble property

- Feudalism is Abolished;

- Corvees abolished

National Assembly

- Equality before the law

Cahiers de doléances

This was a list of grievances created by each of the three estates regarding dissatisfaction with the government of Louis XVI.

First estate - tax approval

Third Estate - equality

The Reign of Terror

(Sep. 1793- July 94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

- balance between security & liberty

- Revolution within revolution

- Mountains take over National Assembly

- Ideologically democracy executed

- Orgi of bloodshed as disloyals are executed

Estates General

France's kingdom-wide representative body. It consisted of three chambers, one each for the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. Louis XVI agreed to convene the long-dormant Estates General in 1789 to address the kingdom's serious financial and political problems.

The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Bastille

fortress in Paris used as a prison for political prisoners; the French Revolution began when Parisians/insurgents stormed it on July 14th, 1789

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

French Decree of 1790 that subordinated the Catholic Church to the French state and abolished most monastic orders. Church lands had already been confiscated by the state. Priests and bishop became salaried employees of the government, and they were elected locally, not appointed by the pope.

Sans-Culottes

A phrase meaning "without knee breeches" and used by the Parisian working people during the French Revolution to distinguish themselves from aristocrats.

Levée en masse

The French revolutionary conscription (August 1793) of all males into the army and the use of women and children in the interests of national defense.