VET 223 Exam 1

_________ of a partcular element are atoms (or molecules) that have gained or lost electrons. Common examples are ________________.
a) Protons - Na+

K+

Nonpolar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons forming the bond are equally sharedbetween the two atoms

thus taking on a parƟal negaƟve charge while the other atom involved in thebond takes on a parƟal posiƟve charge.
a) True
b) False

Because of its _________________ water acts as a _____________. Which means that parƟclesdissolved in water __________ a charge/parƟal charge.
a) Polar covalent bond - polar solvent - also have.
b) Non-polar covalent bond - non-polar solvent - don't have.
c) Polar covalent bond - polar solvent - don't have.
d) Polar covalent bond - non-polar solvent - don't have

a) Polar covalent bond - polar solvent - also have

The lipid bilayer of the cells is mostly _______ meaning if does not let charged molecules pass through. However

the _________ portion of the phospholipids is charged and can have contact with water molecules.
a) lipophobic - phosphate
b) hydrophobic - fatty acid
c) lipophilic - glycerol
d) hydrophobic - phosphate

An example of a lipid is:
a) starch
b) chitin
c) glycine
d) steroids

steroids

The difference between ATP and ADP is:
a) ATP has the sugar Ribose and ADP the sugar Deoxyribose as a structural component
b) ATP has 3 phosphate groups while ADP has 2 phosphate groups
c) ATP has Adenine and ADP has Uracil as a structural component
d) ATP is a nucleotide while ADP is a carbohydrate

b) ATP has 3 phosphate groups while ADP has 2 phosphate groups

Structurally

where are phospholipids most commonly found?
a) throughont the body acting as hormones
b) forming the exoskeleton of insects
c) as an integral part of cell membranes
d) forming the structure of DNA and RNA

Virtually all physiological processes use ________ in some manner
a) proteins
b) carbohydrates
c) lipids
d) nucleic acids

proteins

An enzyme is a carbohydrate and acts on a specific substrate modifying it

the enzyme itself remains unchanged after the reaction
a) true
b) false

In the cell membrane

integral proteins protrude all the way through the membrane
a) true
b) false

Most proteins are initially formed in the _________

they later are transported by vesicles to the ____________ to finalize their processing
a) smooth ER - Rough ER
b) Golgi apparatus - Rough ER
c) Rough ER - Golgi apparatus
d) smooth ER - Golgi apparatus

The nuclear membrane is conƟnuous with the _______________. This is because the ____________present in the ______________ are responsible for _______________.
a) Golgi apparatus - ribosomes - Golgi apparatus - protein formation.
b) Endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes - rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein formation.
c) Endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - protein formation.
d) Endoplasmic reticulum - lysosomes - rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein formation.
e) Endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes - rough endoplasmic reticulum - lipid formation.

endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes - rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein formation

The powerhouse of the cell is the ___________ and produces _____________ through the________________.
a) Nucleus - ATP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle
b) Mitochondria - ATP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle
c) Lysosome - ADP - Golgi apparatus
d) Mitochondria - ADP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle

mitochondria - ATP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle

A gene is:
a) A portion of RNA that codes for a specific protein
b) A portion of DNA that codes for a specific protein
c) A portion of DNA that codes for a specific characterisƟc
d) A portion of DNA that codes for specific proteins

carbohydrates

RNA polymerase synthesizes _________________ by following a strand of ________.
a) Transfer RNA - messenger RNA
b) Proteins - Transfer RNA
c) Proteins - messenger RNA
d) messenger RNA - DNA

messenger RNA - DNA

The transfer of the genetic code from DNA to RNA is called ____________ and the transfer of themcode from RNA to the formation of proteins is called ____________.
a) Transcription - Translation
b) Translation - transcription

Transcription - Translation

In the ECF compartment __________ and ____________ have almost the exact composition with the exception of _______________ content.
a) Plasma - IF - phosphates
b) Plasma - IF - proteins
c) ICF - IF - protein
d) Plasma - IF - Na

Plasma - IF - proteins

Transcapillary exchange occurs between the capillaries and the __________. However

____________ generally cannot pass from the _________ to the IF.
a) IF - proteins - capillaries
b) ICF - proteins - cell
c) Plasma - phosphates - capillaries
d) IF - K+ - capillaries

Ligand gated channels are:
a) Channels whose molecular conformation responds to changes in the electrical potential across the cellmembrane
b) Channels whose molecular conformation responds to the binding of a specific chemical.
c) Channels whose molecular conformation responds to physical stimuli like stretching of the membrane
d) Pores formed by transmembrane proteins that are open all the time

channels whose molecular conformation responds to the binding of a specific chemical

What will happen to a group of cells

for example red blood cells

The Na+K+ pump is a _______________ that requires ___________ to function. This means it is atype of __________ transport.
a) Uniporter - a specific ligand (chemical) - passive
b) Symporter - ATP - active
c) Antiporter - ATP - active
d) Antiporter - ATP - passive

antiporter - ATP - active

Pertaining the body's reflex pathways

select the correct answer:
a) Stimulus - sensor - efferent p. - integration c. - afferent p. - effector - response
b) Stimulus - afferent p. - sensor - integration c. - effector - efferent p. - response
c) Stimulus - sensor - afferent p. - integration c. - efferent p. - effector - response

____________________ loops are used to maintain HOMEOSTASIS or to control the extent of aresponse (e.g. control of body temperature

control of blood [glucose]).
a) Positive feedback
b) Negative feedback

The resting membrane potential of neurons (Approx. -70mV) is established thanks to __________and ____________.
a) Na+K+ pump - Na+K+ voltage gated channels
b) Na+K+ pump - Na+K+ "leak" channels
c) Na+K+ pump - Cl- "leak" channels
d) NegaƟvely charged proteins and phosphates "leak" - Na+K+ pump

Na+K+ pump - Na+K+ "leak" channels

For the creaƟon of an action potenƟal a/an _________________ stimulus activates ____________Na+ and K+ channels at _______________. This causes an influx of Na+ or _____________ which is immediately counteracted by an efflux of K+ or __________________.
a) Chemical - ligand gated - different times - depolarization - repolarization
b) Electrical - voltage gated - the same time - depolarization - repolarization
c) Electrical - voltage gated - the same time - repolarization - depolarization
d) Electrical - voltage gated - different times - repolarization - depolarization

electrical - voltage gated - the same time - depolarization - repolarization

________________ transport involves both ________ and ________ surfaces of the epithelial cells.
a) passive - facilitated - basolateral
b) active - transepithelial - basolateral
c) transepithelial - apical - basolateral
d) transepithelial - active - passive

transepithelial - apical - basolateral

Vesicular transport involves what two processes?
a) phagocytosis and pinocytosis
b) primary and secondary
c) endocytosis and exocytosis
d) facilitated and active

endocytosis and exoctyosis

In a chemical synapse

an action potential from the ____________ neuron activates ___________channels. This eventually will cause that vesicles in the axon terminal fuse with the terminal membrane and liberate _______________.
a) Postsynaptic - Ca2+- neurotransmitters
b) Presynaptic - Na+ - neurotransmitters
c) Presynaptic - Ca2+ - Na+
d) Presynaptic - Ca2+ - neurotransmitters

The sarcomere is the functional unit of the myofibril

and it is formed of:
a) Thick and thin myofilaments
b) Myosin and titin
c) Actin

An action potential that reaches the axon terminal causes the opening of ___ channels

this will eventually produce the secretion of Ach.
a) Na+
b) K+
c) Ca2+
d) Nicotine

Muscarinic receptors are activated by:
a) Epinephrine
b) Norepinephrine
c) Acetylcholine
d) Nicotine

acetylcholine

When an AP reaches the Neural terminal (knob)

_______ flow/flows from the ECF into the cytosol and triggers the fusion of the ________ containing synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
a) Neurotransmitters - Ca+2
b) Na+ - Ca+2
c) Ca+2 - Neurotransmitter
d) Na+ - Neurotransmitter

Is myelin an electrical insulator or conductor?
a) Insulator
b) Conductor

insulator

Why can't a nerve signal travel in two different directions through a synapse?
a) Ion voltage gated channel location
b) Ion voltage gated channel function
c) NT and NT receptor location
d)Myelin insulator effect

NT and NT receptor location

The ANS is part of the _____ nervous system and within this section part of the _____ division.
a) Central - afferent
b) Peripheral - efferent
c) Central - efferent
d)Peripheral - afferent

peripheral

Factors that create Vrest:
a) Selective permeability of the membrane
b) Na+K+ ATPase
c) Protein movement through the membranes
d) Phosphate movement through the membranes
e) a and b
f) a and d
g) c and d

a and b

The resting potential of a neuron is normally _________ and this is because there are more _________ than _________ inside the cell.
a) -40 mV - cations - anions
b) -70 mV - cations - anions
c) - 70 mV - anions - cations
d) - 100 mV - anions - cations

-70 mV

Electrical signals in animal cells are created by the movement of ________ across cell ________.
a) Electrons - Plasma
b) Ions - Membranes
c) Ions - Cytoplasm
d) Ions - Interstitial fluid

ions

In a negative feedback loop the response from the target tissue ______ the initial stimulus.
a) Reduces
b) Increases

reduces

Select the correct answer:
a) Stimulus - sensor - efferent p. - integration c. - afferent p. - effector - response
b) Stimulus - afferent p. - sensor - integration c. - effector - efferent p. - response
c) Stimulus - sensor - afferent p. - integration c. - efferent p. - effector - response

stimulus - sensor - afferent p. - integration c. - effector - response

The endocrine system generally causes a ________ response and acts through _______.
a) Faster - neurotransmitters
b) Slower - neurotransmitters
c) Faster - hormones
d)Slower - hormones

slower

Homeostasis means that the animal's body always tries to be in a "static steady state"
a) True
b) False

false

The Na+ K+ATP creates a ___________. This is used as a _____ type of ________transport.

concentration gradient

Symporter use energy to transport chemicals across a membrane
a) True
b) False

true

facilitated diffusion requires ATP
a) true
b) false

false

Transcapillary exchange occurs between the capillaries and the __________. However

____________ generally cannot pass from the capillaries to the _________.
a) ICF - proteins - ECF
b) ECF - proteins - IF
c) IF - proteins - IF
d) IF - carbohydrates - IF

The ECF is composed of:
a) Cytosol and intraorganellar compartment
b) Plasma and IF
c) Cytosol and interstitial fluid
d) Lumen and Plasma

plasma and IF

Select the correct answer (most common pathway):

Transcription (nucleus)-translation (Rough ER)-Protein processing (Golgi A.)

RNA polymerase:
a) Unwinds DNA and makes a double stranded copy of the DNA code called messenger RNA
b) Unwinds DNA and makes a single stranded copy of the DNA code called messenger RNA

unwinds DNA and makes a single stranded copy of the DNA code called messenger RNA

A gene is:
a) A portion of mRNA that codes for a specific protein
b) A portion of DNA that codes for a specific protein

a portion of DNA that codes for a specific protein

The powerhouse of the cell is the ___________ and produces _____________ through the ________________.
a) Nucleus - ATP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle
b) Mitochondria - ATP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle

mitochondria - ATP - Krebs or Citric acid cycle

Most proteins are initially formed in the _________________

they later are transported by vesicles to the ______________ to finalyze their processing.
a) Smooth ER - Rough ER
b) Golgi apparatus - Rough ER
c) Rough ER - Golgi apparatus

In the cell membrane

which part of the phospholipid is charged and "faces water"?
a) Fatty acid portion
b) Glycerol
c) Phosphate

An enzyme acts on a specific substrate modifying it

however the enzyme itself is always modified after each reaction.
a) True
b) False

Structurally

where are phospholipids most commonly found?
a) Throughout the body acting as hormones
b) Forming the exoskeleton of insects
c) As an integral part of cell membranes

Based on what you learned

a steroid hormone (estradiol -hydrophobic/lipophilic) can pass cell membranes readily.
a) True
b) false

The autonomic nervous system controls the ________________ including the _______________________________.

Involuntary effectors - cardiac and smooth muscle

In the skeletal muscle fiber

__ binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex causing a conformational change that moves this complex away from the ____.
a)Na+ - actin binding sites in myosin
b)Ca++ - myosin binding sites in actin
c)Ca++ - actin binding sites in myosin
d)Na+ - myosin binding sites in actin

Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to reorient (reactivate) the ______ into an energized position.
a) actin head
b) troponin head
c) Tropomyosin C head
d) Myosin head

myosin head

In smooth muscle ___ binds ______. This activates the enzyme myosin-light-chain-kinase which eventually will lead to muscle contraction.
a)Na+ - Troponin
b)Ca++ - Tropomyosin
c)Ca++ - Calmodulin
d)K+ - Calmodulin

Ca++ - calmodulin

In skeletal muscle

the neurotransmitter secreted by the motor neuron attaches to its specific receptor activating a gated channel. Through this pathway _______ especially

In the skeletal muscle cell

_____ binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex

In skeletal and smooth muscle

chemical energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to reorient (reactive) the _________ into an energized position

Fatigue

rigor

In smooth muscle ____ binds ______. This activates the enzyme myosin-light-chain-kinase

this in turn activates the _______ activity

Of the neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system

all preganglionic neurons are ___________

In a neuromuscular junction

an action potential that reaches the axon terminal causes the opening of ________ channels

In transepithelial transport

the _____ Na+ concentration gradient created by _______ out of the cells in used as the driving force for the movement of other solutes like glucose