Pediatrics (儿科学)

Great! Let’s begin your study of Pediatrics (儿科学) with common pediatric conditions and diseases — especially those frequently encountered in clinical settings.

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

1. Acute Otitis Media (AOM) – 急性中耳炎 Or middle ear infection

Explanation: Infection of the middle ear, common in infants and young children.
👉 婴幼儿常见的中耳感染，伴有耳痛、发热，有时会影响听力。
Treatment (治疗):

• Pain relief (缓解疼痛): acetaminophen (对乙酰氨基酚)

• Antibiotics if bacterial (细菌感染则使用抗生素)

• Observation in mild cases (轻症可先观察)

Word Breakdown:

• Ot- (耳) → Root

• -itis (炎症) → Suffix

• Media (中间) → Latin root for “middle”

✅ Otitis Media = Inflammation of the middle ear

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI)

2. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI) – 上呼吸道感染

Explanation: Includes colds, pharyngitis, sinusitis — very common in children.
👉 涵盖感冒、咽炎、鼻窦炎等，是儿童最常见的疾病之一。
Treatment (治疗):

• Supportive care (对症治疗): rest, fluids (休息、补液)

• Antipyretics (退烧药): ibuprofen/acetaminophen

• Antibiotics only if bacterial (细菌性感染才用抗生素)

Word Breakdown:

• Upper (上部) → Adjective

• Respiratory (呼吸的) → Root: Latin respirare (to breathe)

• Infection (感染) → Root: Latin infectio (to taint)

Asthma

3. Asthma – 哮喘

Explanation: Chronic inflammatory airway disease with wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath.
👉 慢性气道炎症，常表现为喘息、咳嗽、呼吸急促。
Treatment (治疗):

• Inhaled corticosteroids (吸入性糖皮质激素)

• Bronchodilators (支气管扩张剂)

• Avoid triggers (避免诱因，如过敏原)

Word Breakdown:

• Asthma (哮喘) → Greek root asthma (panting, breathlessness)

Gastroenteritis

4. Gastroenteritis – 肠胃炎

Explanation: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines; usually viral in kids.
👉 胃和小肠的炎症，常因病毒感染引起腹泻和呕吐。
Treatment (治疗):

• Oral rehydration (口服补液)

• Electrolyte replacement (电解质补充)

• Supportive care (对症支持)

Word Breakdown:

• Gastro- (胃) → Prefix

• Enter- (肠) → Root

• -itis (炎症) → Suffix

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

5. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) – 手足口病

Explanation: Viral illness (often Coxsackievirus) with rash and ulcers in mouth, hands, feet.
👉 由病毒引起的儿童常见病，伴随口腔溃疡和手足皮疹。
Treatment (治疗):

• Symptomatic relief (对症处理): fluids, fever meds

• Good hygiene to prevent spread (保持卫生防止传播)

Word Breakdown:
(Descriptive compound term)

• Hand / Foot / Mouth = Areas affected

• Disease = Latin dis- (apart) + ease (comfort)

Bronchiolitis

6. Bronchiolitis – 细支气管炎

Explanation: Viral infection of the small airways (bronchioles), usually in infants under 2 years.
👉 2岁以下婴儿常见的病毒性呼吸道感染，导致呼吸困难和喘息。
Treatment (治疗):

• Supportive care (支持治疗): oxygen if needed

• Fluids (补液)

• Hospitalization in severe cases (严重时需住院)

Word Breakdown:

• Bronchiol- (细支气管) → Root

• -itis (炎症) → Suffix

Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

7. Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) – 犬吠样咳嗽 / 伪膜性喉炎

Explanation: Viral inflammation of the larynx and trachea causing a barking cough.
👉 声门以下气道炎症，常见于婴幼儿，表现为犬吠样咳嗽和吸气性呼吸困难。
Treatment (治疗):

• Humidified air (湿空气)

• Steroids like dexamethasone (糖皮质激素)

• Nebulized epinephrine if severe (雾化肾上腺素)

Word Breakdown:

• Laryngo- (喉) → Root

• Tracheo- (气管) → Root

• Bronch- (支气管) → Root

• -itis (炎症) → Suffix

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) Infection

8. RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection – 呼吸道合胞病毒感染

Explanation: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants.
👉 导致细支气管炎和肺炎的主要病毒，婴幼儿易感染。
Treatment (治疗):

• Supportive care (支持治疗)

• Oxygen therapy (氧气治疗)

• Hospitalization if needed (必要时住院)

Word Breakdown:

• Respiratory (呼吸的) → Root: Latin respirare

• Syncytial (合胞体的) → Root: Greek syn (together) + kytos (cell)

• Virus (病毒) → Latin root virus (poison)

Scarlet Fever

9. Scarlet Fever – 猩红热

Explanation: Bacterial illness (Group A Streptococcus) causing sore throat, fever, and red rash.
👉 由A组链球菌引起的急性传染病，常伴有咽痛、发热和猩红色皮疹。
Treatment (治疗):

• Antibiotics (抗生素), usually penicillin

• Antipyretics for fever (退烧药)

Word Breakdown:

• Scarlet (猩红色) → Root: Latin scarlatum

• Fever (发热) → Root: Latin febris

Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) ))

10. Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) – 传染性红斑 / 第五病

Explanation: Viral illness (Parvovirus B19) with “slapped cheek” facial rash
👉 由B19病毒引起，面颊发红似被打过，常见于学龄儿童。
Treatment (治疗):

• Supportive care only (仅对症支持)

• Fluids and rest (休息，多饮水)

Word Breakdown:

• Erythem- (红斑) → Root: Greek erythros (red)

• -a (状态) → Suffix

• Infectiosum (传染性的) → Latin adjective

Kawasaki Disease

11. Kawasaki Disease – 川崎病

Explanation: Inflammatory condition of blood vessels, often with fever, rash, red eyes, swollen hands/feet
👉 小儿血管炎，表现为高烧、红疹、眼结膜充血、手脚肿胀等，可影响心脏。
Treatment (治疗):

• IVIG (静脉注射免疫球蛋白)

• Aspirin (阿司匹林)

Word Breakdown:
(Eponym) Named after Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki

Measles

12. Measles – 麻疹

Explanation: Viral infection causing fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and a spreading red rash
👉 由麻疹病毒引起的高传染性疾病，伴发热、咳嗽、眼红和全身红疹。
Treatment (治疗):

• Supportive care (对症治疗)

• Vitamin A (维生素A)

• Prevention: MMR vaccine (预防接种)

Word Breakdown:

• Measles → From Middle Dutch masel (blemish)

Mumps

13. Mumps – 流行性腺炎4

腮

soi1

腺

sin3

Explanation: Viral infection of salivary glands causing facial swelling and pain
👉 一种病毒感染，导致腮腺肿胀、疼痛，常见于儿童和青少年。
Treatment (治疗):

• Rest and hydration (休息和补液)

• Pain relievers (止痛药)

• Prevention: MMR vaccine

Word Breakdown:

• Mumps → Possibly from Old English mumpen (to grimace)

Rubella (German Measles)

14. Rubella (German Measles) – 风疹

Explanation: Milder than measles; may cause serious birth defects if acquired during pregnancy
👉 病毒性感染，症状轻于麻疹，但孕妇感染可导致胎儿先天缺陷。
Treatment (治疗):

• Supportive only (对症处理)

• Prevention: MMR vaccine

Word Breakdown:

• Rubella (小红疹) → Latin rubellus (reddish)

Chickenpox

15. Chickenpox (Varicella) – 水痘

Explanation: Highly contagious virus causing itchy rash and fever
👉 一种高传染性病毒病，表现为全身水疱样皮疹和发热。
Treatment (治疗):

• Antihistamines (抗组胺药缓解瘙痒)

• Antivirals like acyclovir in severe cases (重症时用抗病毒药物)

• Prevention: Varicella vaccine (水痘疫苗)

Word Breakdown:

• Varicella → Latin diminutive of variola (smallpox)

Cyanosis

Cyanosis

发绀 gam3

皮肤或嘴唇发紫，提示缺氧

Conjunctivitis

16. Conjunctivitis – 结膜炎

Explanation: Inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, causing red, itchy eyes (aka "pink eye").
👉 眼结膜的炎症，表现为眼红、痒、分泌物，传染性较强。
Treatment (治疗):

• Antibiotic eye drops for bacterial (抗生素滴眼液)

• Supportive care for viral or allergic (对症处理)

Word Breakdown:

• Conjunctiv- (结膜) → Root

• -itis (炎症) → Suffix

Intussusception /n·tuh·suh·sep·shn/

19. Intussusception – 肠套叠 /肠coeng4 套tou3 叠dip6;

Explanation: A segment of intestine telescopes into another, causing obstruction
👉 一段肠子嵌入另一段肠子内，导致阻塞、腹痛和血便，急诊处理。
Treatment (治疗):

• Air enema or contrast enema (空气/造影灌肠复位)

• Surgery if unresolved (必要时手术)

Word Breakdown:

• Intus- (内部) → Prefix: Latin within

• -susception (嵌入/折叠) → Suffix: Latin suscipere (to receive)

Pyloric Stenosis

20. Pyloric Stenosis – 幽门狭窄

Explanation: Thickening of the pylorus muscle, causing forceful vomiting in infants
👉 婴儿幽门肌肥厚，导致喷射状呕吐、体重下降、脱水。
Treatment (治疗):

• Surgery: pyloromyotomy (幽门切开术)

Word Breakdown:

• Pylor- (幽门) → Root: Greek pyloros (gatekeeper)

• Stenosis (狭窄) → Suffix: Greek stenos (narrow)

Febrile /feh·bruhl/ Seizure

22. Febrile Seizure – 热性惊厥

Explanation: Seizure triggered by high fever in children 6 months to 5 years
👉 由高烧引起的短暂抽搐，一般良性，自限性强。
Treatment (治疗):

• Fever control (控制体温)

• Reassurance (安抚家长，监测)

Word Breakdown:

• Febrile (发热的) → Root: Latin febris (fever)

• Seizure (发作) → From Old French seisir (to take hold)

Pinworm Infection (Enterobiasis)

23. Pinworm Infection (Enterobiasis) – 蠕虫感染 / 蛲虫病

蠕jyu4 虫cung4

Explanation: Intestinal parasite causing anal itching, especially at night
👉 肛门周围瘙痒明显，常见于儿童，易传播。
Treatment (治疗):

• Antiparasitic meds (抗寄生虫药，如阿苯达唑 Albendazole)

• Hygiene measures (个人卫生)

Word Breakdown:

• Entero- (肠) → Root

• -biasis (病症) → Suffix

Moro reflex

Moro reflex

惊跳反射

婴儿受惊吓时手脚张开，再收回

Scoliosis

脊柱侧弯 脊zek3 柱cyu5 侧zak1 弯waan1

Undescended testicle

Undescended testicle

隐睾

Abdominal distention

腹胀