HST Midterm Exam Review

penicillin

It is an antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming; it was the first antibiotic to treat bacterial infections.

Renaissance Period (significant things)

use of the scientific method and invention of the microscope

Joseph Lister

considered Father of antiseptic medicine, soap to disinfect instruments

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

invented the microscope

Clara Barton

founder of the American Red Cross

Edward Jenner

pioneered concept for vaccines, creating the smallpox vaccine

Hippocrates

known as “Father of Medicine”, 1 st to believe disease was caused naturally rather than by superstitions, Hippocratic Oath

Louis Pasteur

vaccine for rabies and anthrax, pasteurization of milk and wine

Robert Hooke

1st to visualize a micro-organism

Copay

a set amount of money that is collected at the time of your doctor’s visit

Deductible

an amount of money you must pay BEFORE your insurance begins paying for your services

HMO

Health Maintenance Organizations, medical insurance where you must choose a primary care doctor to see, but company pays more if you got to a preferred doctor

Medicaid

Insurance program for people with low income and a few assets. Paid by the state

Medicare

Government funded program by Federal taxes. People over 65 years old or disabled

PPO

Preferred Provider Organization: Contract with network of preferred providers from policy holder can charge (Annual deductible)

Premium

the amount of money that must be paid to purchase/obtain health insurance

Social Security

a government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or no income. They also provide Medicare and Medicaid medical insurance.

TRICARE

insurance plan for those people who are associated with the military

Worker’s Comp

government insurance that provides medical benefits and wage replacement for those injured at work.

CDC

Centers for Disease Control; governmental center that investigates and controls contagious diseases in our country

FDA

Food & Drug Administration; determines safety for medications, food, and other products used on and in our bodies. EX. cosmetics and lotions

NIH

National Institute of Health; largest governmental agency for biomedical research in the world

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration: ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training and education

Biotechnology (healthcare career)

science-oriented career pathway; biological scientist, bioengineer, forensic scientist, microbiologist, physiologist

Diagnostic (healthcare career)

career to diagnose causes of diseases and disorders; audiology, cardiology, emergency department, radiology, pulmonology

Health informatics (Healthcare career)

career bridging medicine and technology; all clerical staff, human resources, medical librarian, finance

Support Services (Healthcare career)

career that provides clean, safe environment for all who enter healthcare facilities; central supply, engineering, food service, ground maintenance

Therapeutic (Healthcare career)

career providing hands-on experience with patients; nurse, respiratory therapist, rehab

Community College

usually offers 2-year degree (associate degree) some may offer certificate programs as a well

University

can obtain a 4-year degree (Bachelor’s), and may also obtain more advanced degree (Master’s)

Technical/Vocational School:

provide training for specific careers outside high school, some provide license or certificate

License

is awarded by a state agency when a person meets the qualifications for a particular occupation. Each person must pass a licensing exam with a certain percentage before obtaining a license to work.

Certificate

given for completing a specific course of study and passing an exam

Auditory learning style

Learn best by hearing things (Like to read out loud, listen to music, follow spoken directions well, study groups)

Visual learning style

Learn through seeing visual representations of ideas and concepts (Charts, color coded notes, video)

Kinesthetic learning style

Learn through hands on experience (Move around, active learning, take breaks, participate in sports, loud music)

Verbal communication challenges

Hearing impairments, visual impairments, mental illness, aphasia

Non-Verbal communication challenges

Cultural differences in hand signs (may be offensive to some people)

Different strategies for reaching a consensus

Listen to everyone, open discussions, compromise

Ways to resolve conflicts

Stay calm, communicate respectfully, identify the cause of the conflict, compromise

Ways to communicate with different ages

Kids: Simple language and visuals, respectful and clear

Elderly: Speak slowly and clearly, be patient

parts that make up the skeleton

bones, cartilage and joints

functions of the Integumentary System

• regulation of body temperature

• production of Vitamin D from sunlight

• excretion of minor amounts of waste materials in sweat

• transmission of sensory information to the brain

Sudoriferous Gland

also called sweat glands; plays a vital role in regulating body temperature (in integumentary system)

Sebaceous Gland

depositing oily secretion on the hair that covers the skin (In integumentary system)

Skeletal (muscle type)

attached to bones and facilitates movement by contracting and relaxing, only voluntary muscle

Smooth (muscle type)

lining the walls of internal organs, involuntary

Cardiac (Muscle type)

only found in the heart, involuntary

Cell

vary according to function, can reproduce, use oxygen, produce energy, and maintain their shape

Tissue

group of cells working together to accomplish a task

Organ

2 or more groups of tissue working together

Body System

organs that work together to accomplish a complex task.

organs of the Digestive System (both in the Alimentary Canal and accessory)

Stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Connective tissue

most common of all types, holds body parts together, found in bones, muscles, organs, nerves and skin

Epithelial Tissue

covers external and internal body structures, i.e.. Skin

Muscle tissue

allows the body to move (skeletal, cardiac and smooth)

Nervous tissue

In all parts of the body, but concentrated in the spinal cord and brain (neurons)

Anatomy

study of the structure of the body

Physiology

study of the function of the body

Antibodies

proteins that circulate in plasma as a response to presence of foreign antigens

Antigens

foreign substances present in the immune system

Cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

Dermis

layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous; contains follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerves

Epidermis

superficial layer of the skin that is visible and lose dead skin cells from

Homeostasis

a balance of the body functions maintained in our body

Obesity

being severely overweight (BMI over 30)

Subcutaneous

pertaining to below or beneath the skin

Arthr/o

joint

Brady-

slow

Cardi/o-

heart

Col/o

colon

crani/o

Skull/cranium

Dermato/o

skin

-ectomy

Surgical removal of

gastr/o

stomach

Hemat/o

blood

hepat/o

liver

hydr/o

water

inter-

between/within

-itis

inflammation

neur/o

nerves

-logy

study of

-ostomy

new opening surgically created

-plasty

surgical repair/reconstruction

rhin/o

nose

Tachy-

Fast/rapid

-Tomy

cutting into

TID

Three times a day

NPO

Nothing by mouth

Dorsal

Back of the body with Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity

Ventral

Front of the body contains the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, etc.), abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.

Cranial Cavity

Skull that holds brain

Spinal Cravity

Spinal Cord

Thoracic Cavity

Lungs, heart, major blood vessels, part of the esophagus

Abdominal Cavity

Stomach, most intestines, pancreas, liver, spleen, kidneys, gallbladder

Pelvic Cavity

Bladder, urethra, reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, rectum

Major organs in left upper quadrant

Stomach, pancreas, spleen

Major organs in left lower quadrant

descending colon and sigmoid colon

Major organs in right upper quadrant

Liver, gallbladder

Major organs in right lower quadrant

Appendix