NLN NEX SCIENCE PREP

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Function -The production, folding quality control and despatch of some proteins, synthesizes phospholipids

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and it stores enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins. Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones. Detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium ions

Metabolism of fats

Golgi Apparatus

serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER. One side functions as a receiving dock and the other as a shipping dock

Lysosomes

is a membranous sac containing digestive enzymes.Also help digest food particle engulfed by a cell and remove or recycle damaged parts of a cell

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins in the cell nucleus

Gametes

Reproductive cells with half the normal number of chromosomes such as a haploid egg or sperm

Zygote

A fertilized egg cell formed by the fusion of sperm and egg.

Levels of organization of Life

1. Molecule

2.Organelle

3. Cells

4. Tissue

5. Organ

6. Organ system

7. Organism

8. Population

9. Community

10. Ecosystem

11. Biosphere

Connective Tissue Types

1. Areolar

2. Adipose

3. Dense regular

4. Hyaline cartilage

5. Elastic cartilage

6. Fibrocartilage

7. Bone

8. Blood

Biology

the study of living things

Cell

The smallest living unit with various functions and structures.

Cell Structure

membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria

Nucleus

contains most of the cells DNA controls the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)

Plasma Membrane

protects the inside and outside of the cell, cell to cell identification, communication, lets things in and out of the cell.

Interstitial Fluid (IF)

fluid between cells and it contains substances like amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters and salts

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Organelles

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.

Mitochondria

organelles that carry cellular respiration which converts energy in food to chemical energy ATP

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) is a chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself

power nearly all forms of cellular work by coupling exergonic and endergonic reactionsit is a renewable energy source

Ribosomes

are involved in the cells protein synthesis

Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm, typically involved in making proteins that function within the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, associated with proteins packed in certain organelles or exported from the cell.

Cell Wall

protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright composed of cellulosethe cell also has plasmodesmata that serve in communication between cells

Chloroplast

are the photosynthesizing organelles which convert light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules

Central Vacoule (plant)

have digestive functions, contain pigment, contain poisons that protect the plant

Mitosis

cell division of a single nucleus which divides into identical nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis

Cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the genetic material.

Somatic Cells

Non-reproductive cells producing identical offspring through mitosis

Daughter Cells

Cells resulting from cell division with half the normal number of chromosomes

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

There are four types of tissues

1. connective

2. epithelial tissue

3. muscle tissue

4. nervous tissue

Connective Tissue Function

-Vary greatly depending on the structure of the tissue and its location

-Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues and organs.

-Connective tissue helps protect the body.

-Connective tissue helps insulate the body.

-Connective tissue is necessary for transporting materials throughout the body.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Cell: Fibrolast

Matrix: Collagen and Elastic fibers

Function: packaging material

Adipose Connective Tissue

Cell: Adipocyte

Matrix: not important

Function: long term energy storage , insulation

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Cell: Fibroblast

Matrix: Collagen fibers; arranged parallel

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; stretches a little when pulled

Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue

Cell Chondro-cyte

Matrix Collagen fibers not evident

Function: Supports and reinforces, provides a framework

Location: covers the ends of bones, costal cartilage in ribs, nose, rings in trachea, and larynx, forms most of the embryonic skeleton

Elastic Cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Matrix: Collagen and elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

Highly compressible. Forms cusion-like discs between vertebrae.

Matrix: less firm than Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue that contains collagen (fibers are evident)

Bone Connective Tissue

Cell: Osteocyte

Matrix: organic collagen fibers

inorganic calcium salts

Functions: Support, Protection, Formed element prod, Movement, Fat storage, Mineral storage

Blood Connective Tissue

Cells: Erythrocyte, Leukocyte

Platelet- not a cell

Matrix: liquid plasma

Function: fluid extracellular matrix used to transport substances throughout the body.

epithelial tissue functions

1. protection

2. absorption

3. filtration

4. excretion

5. secretion- individual epithelial cell can secrete; epithelial cells arranged into exocrine glands

6. sensory reception- skin, special sense

Epithelial Tissue Classification

number of cell layers and cell shape

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.

Muscle Tissue

There are three types of muscle tissue skeletal, cardiac and smooth

cardiac muscle tissue

the striated and involuntary tissue that forms most of the wall of the heart

skeletal muscle tissue

striated and voluntary

Voluntary muscle pulls on bones and causes body movements.

Organ

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions

Organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Respiratory System

Organs involved in breathing

Circulatory System

System responsible for blood circulation

Nervous System

System responsible for transmitting signals

Musculoskeletal System

System of muscles and bones

Gastrointestinal System

Organs involved in digestion

Endocrine System

System of glands producing hormones

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. Hypertonic solutions also have lower concentration of water

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solutionit will have a greater concentration of water

Isotonic

two solutions that have an equal solute concentration

Passive Transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Filtration

movement of water and solutes through the membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

Chemistry

Physiology

Health

Evolution

Process of gradual change in organisms over time

Microbiology

Study of microscopic organisms

Ecology

Study of interrelationships in nature

Genetics

Study of genes and heredity

DNA

Genetic material in cells

Atomic Structure

Composition of an atom

Bonding

Chemical attachment between atoms

Chemical Reactions

Process of forming new substances

Health

Overall well-being of an individual

Rest and Sleep

Essential for physical and mental health

Diet and Nutrition

Food intake affecting health

Exercise

Physical activity for health benefits

Hygiene

Practices for cleanliness and health

Substance Abuse Disorder

Addiction to harmful substances

Environment

External surroundings affecting health

Prevention and Safety

Measures to avoid harm and promote well-being

Vaccinations

Administration of vaccines for immunity

Gram Staining

Process classifying bacteria as gram positive or negative based on cell wall characteristics

Antibiotic Resistance

Ability of bacteria to withstand effects of an antibiotic over time

MRSA

Abbreviation for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria

Viruses

Microorganisms with DNA or RNA surrounded by protein, requiring host cells for replication

Antiviral Drugs

Medication to treat viral infections

Virology

Study of viruses

Fungi

Microorganisms with nucleus, organelles, and cell wall, producing spores for reproduction

Mycology

Study of fungi

Algae

Photosynthetic organisms varying in size, living in water or moist environments

Phycology

Study of algae

Protozoa

Single-celled microorganisms lacking cell walls, some obtaining energy through photosynthesis

Protozoology

Study of protozoa