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Terms from pg. 790
Red Shirts
the guerilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.
Homestead Act
An American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy.
Crimean War
A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russia desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for them in the Russian Empire
Bloody Sunday
A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.
Duma
The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes.
Tanzimat
A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman empire on a western European model.
Young Turks
Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative Sultan to implement reforms.
Reichstag
The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.
Kulturkampf
Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius XI’s declaration of papal infallibility.
German Social Democratic Party
A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s, the SPD championed Marxism but in practice turned away from the Marxist revolution and worked instead in the German Parliament for social and workplace reforms.
Dreyfus affairs
A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyus, A Jewish captain in the French Army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyus, after Dreyus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.
People’s Budget
A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.
Zionism
A movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl.
Revisionism
An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the late nineteenth century.
