Far North

Tribes

Inuit and Aleut

Environment

-Land: The land of the Arctic and Subarctic is mostly covered in snow or ice. It is because of the cold temperature and weather in the area. This greatly affected the people in the area causing them to have more clothing to keep them warm

-Water: The Arctic and Subarctic are surrounded by different oceans. The Pacific to there west, the Atlantic to there east, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. These bodies of water help them with food and other resources. The Wateri  home of the many Aquatic Animals.

(no farming, too cold)

Climate

-The land mostly consists of tundra

-In the winter the subarctic becomes a winter wonderland with heavy snow and frigid land. With most of the ground covered in ice

-The subarctic has many lakes and streams along with forests of fir, and other spruce trees

-Summers were short which meant a shorter growing season, and rivers melt back to water and trees come back from being dormant from the winter

- Clothing was made out of sealskin and animal fur (like foxes, rabbits, caribou, and bear)

Clothing was especially made of seal skin and animal fur (like from foxes, rabbits, caribou, or bears).

Human Culture Pt.1

They speak two, but sometimes similar, languages: Athabascan in the west and Algonquian in the east. They lived scattered around the shorelines in many groups, which most tribes only have temporary chiefs in charge.  They move mainly in a certain area for food.

 Using moose or caribou skin, they make similar clothing for men, women, and children. Wearing long shirts, breechcloths, leggings, and moccasins. They also wear parka (hooded jacket), trousers, and sealskin boots. In the winter, they wore robes, fur, and mittens for more heat. Women wore more shorter pants, but longer shirts. While babies/childrens were held on the back or the hood of a mother’s parka.

Human Culture Pt.2

 they used bows and arrows, spears, clubs, and knives. In the east, they used stone to make arrow points and knife blades. The western tribes used bone and antlers to make tools, and beaver teeth for making knives.

 Wooden frames covered with bark, brush, or animal skins. The people built dome-shaped, sturdy log houses. 

Transportation

The two types of skin boats (made of wooden or bone frames and covered with waterproofed sealskin) were:  A. Kayaks. These were single-person boats that were used when hunting whales with harpoons.  B. Umiaks. These were larger skin boats that could hold several people. Note the religious information about shamans and the belief that the spirit world extended especially to animals.

 In summertime, the Subarctic people used bark canoes to travel on the lakes, rivers, and streams to look for food. In the wintertime, they used wooden toboggans and snowshoes to travel around.