European History Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from a lecture on European history, spanning from the Renaissance to post-WWII Europe.

Condottieri

Independent military war lords.

The Medici

The merchant family based in Florence.

Mysticism

Belief that the individual could commune with God.

Renaissance Man

Emphasizes the individual and his achievements.

The Courtier

Manners and decorum for the Renaissance man.

Humanists

Reviving the glory of the classical age.

Vernacular

Language of the people.

Petrarch

First man of letters.

Perspective

Artistic technique using dimension and depth.

Protestants

German Lutheran princes protest against the Emperor Charles V policies.

cuius region eius religio

Whose the region, his the religion.

Huguenot

French Calvinists.

Act of Supremacy

Splits the English (Anglican) Church from Rome.

Lutheranism Core Belief One

Salvation is by faith alone.

Lutheranism Core Belief Two

Bible is the ultimate source of authority.

Lutheranism Core Belief Three

Two sacraments only: baptism and communion.

Anabaptists

Believe that the individual could comune with God without priests or sacraments.

Calvinists

Emphasizes pre-destination.

Catholic Counter-Reformation Belief One

Salvation is by Faith and Works combined.

Catholic Counter-Reformation Belief Two

Uphold’s seven sacraments.

Catholic Counter-Reformation Belief Three

Papal/clerical authority is supreme.

JESUITS

Used a military model to recruit and train missionaries.

Utopia

An imaginary land where economic and social structure end poverty and greed.

Erasmus

Criticizes church corruption but not doctrine.

Baroque

Flamboyant facades of churches, ornate decoration with ceiling paintings.

Mannerism

Theatrical style that distorts perspective.

Edict of Nantes

Ensures religious toleration for Huguenots.

Nobility of the Robe

New class of nobles.

Moriscos

Converted Muslims.

Puritans

Strict Calvinists who opposed all Catholic vestiges in the English Anglican church.

Montaigne

Writes essays filled with skepticism.

Nicolaus Copernicus

States that the sun (heliocentric) is the center of the universe.

Francis Bacon

supports Deductive reasoning or the scientific method.

Rene Descartes

I think, therefore I am.

the Fronde

Caused by power struggle between Mazarin, representing the monarchy, and the nobles aligned with Paris Parliament.

MERCANTILISM

Governments intervene to increase nation wealth.

Jansenists

A religious group that is Catholic with Protestant overtones.

Thomas Hobbes

Horrible Hobbes argues that man should give up personal liberty for a monarch and collective security.

John Locke

Locke & Load argues that the social contract is a basis for constitutionalism.

Isaac Newton

Laws of motion and physics laid down.

House of Hanover

German cousins of English Royal family.

Whigs

advocated parliamentary supremacy and were anti-Catholic.

Tories

Favored traditional Stuart Succession and the King.

Robert Walpole

First designated minister (Prime minister).

War of Spanish Succession

The Pyrenees are no more!

Peter the Great

Transforms Russia.

ATLANTIC SYSTEM

A triangular pattern of trade that bound Europe, Africa and Americas.

The Bubbles

Sell stocks beyond capacity to earn.

Pierre Bayle

Errors and delusions of all past and present writers of all religions.

Voltaire

Ecrasez 1 ‘infame —-Crush the infamous (religious) bigotry.

Mary Astel

Questions women’s traditional roles.

Philosophes

Dedicated to solving problems of the real world.

Diderot

Publishes Encyclopedia from 1751-1772.

Montesquieu

Publishes The Spirit of Laws (influences U.S. Constitution on Separation of Powers) and Persian Letters.

Rosseau

Writes the Social Contract which introduces ideas of the ―General Will.

Voltaire

Attacks organized religion, bigotry, despotic governments.

Louis XV

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 unites Austria a France together against Prussia and Great Britain.

Catherine the Great

Enlightened reforms at the cost of maintaining power.

Versailles in June 17

Third Estate declares itself National Assembly.

Civil Constitution of Clergy

Church brought under state control.

French

Army moves into Italy under the leadership of the brilliant Napoleon Bonaparte.

Adam Smith

Ideas of invisible hand, free market and laissez-faire stress free trade without government controls.

Assignats

Cosficated church lands.

Declaration of Rights of Man

Copies Declaration of lndependence.

Tri-color

New flag, and cockades are worn on hats.

Adolph Hitler

Organizes a paramilitary group of brown shirts.

Peace of Augsburg

Great victory for Protestants.

Napoleon’s Civil Code

Guarantees religious liberty and equality, Criminal Codes are also reformed.

Conservatism

supported by church and aristocrats.

Conservatism

Favor tradition, slow change, the old regime, and against revolution.

Liberals

included the middle class, merchants, and professionals.

Liberals

They are for liberty and against slave trade; change, but no violence.

Socialism

belief that people should cooperate instead of compete.

Nationalism

extended across the continent, with special force in polyglot Austria.

Cezanne and Picasso

develop Cubism (Les Demoiselles d ‗Avignon) with African motifs.

Russia

moves to expand into Ottoman Empire (The Sick Man of Europe).

Mazzini

founder of Young Italy, dedicated to liberation and unification, Risorgimento.

Bismarck

Practices Realpolitik (opportunist and realist) and fights Denmark, Austria, and France

Commune

After Napoleon III‘s defeat by Prussia, there was a rogue government in Paris.

Alexander II

Emancipation of 50 million serfs - 1861.

Peterloo Massacre

The government passes Six Acts to limit rights of assembly and institute censorship.

Positivism

A school of thought that believes social problems can be solved with science and progress.

Darwin

Origin of Species 1859 a pivotal book in history

Marx

Communism (1840); Marx and Engels publish the Communist Manifesto in 1848

Imperialism

Economic, political, social.

OLD IMPERIALISM

Imperialism—the trader based domination of earlier centuries found in South America (Spain) and India (France and Portugal

BOER WAR

Germany also claims part of Africa, its place in the sun

Entente Cordiale

defensive system, with the British and French.

Arms race

Naval race: both sides building Dreadnoughts, huge armies, dynamite, shells, and munitions create gigantic stockpiles of weapons all tied to national pride.

BOXER REBELLION

Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) against all things Western.

Lenin

Economic policy focuses on the Five Year Plans.

Western Front

War is a stalemate for four with battles at the Somme (1916), Verdun (1916), indecisive.

Joseph Stalin

Organizes the Lenin cult to bolster his image.

Adolph Hitler

attempts an overthrow of the Government in 1923, is jailed a writes Mein Kampf.

Great Depression

the greatest catastrophe in World History.

John Maynard Keynes

advocates for interventionist economics, which has since proved to be at least somewhat correct.

Western European nations

Socialized health care supports child care and maternity leaves.

Simone de Beauvoir

Writes the Second Sex that criticizes traditional role of women.

European Union

1, 195:European Coal and Steel Community formed to reduce friction over resources under leadership of Robert Schuman.