business programming midterm

terminal

• way to use computer from far (used in 60-70s) 

  • Gives screen, keyboard and connection to computer/what actually using 

  • Not actual computer

command line/prompt

text based interface for giving machine commands

shell

• interpreter → the program that interprets the text as a command to the computer 

  • Ex: powershell 

  • Bash =  born again shell   

  • Zsh → z shell

tuple

•  fixed list → once u create list u cannot change it 

  • Use () 

  • Is immutable

list

• denoted by []

  • Is mutable → can change/edit once made

array

• Index for lists start at 0 

  • Ex: like u want to see something in list and get 1st item the position is 0   

• Can also start right to left at -1 

  • Ex: in hello[-1] → returns ‘o’

float

•  floating point (number type) →decimal 

  • Ex: 3.4

string

• for text 

  • Can wrap text in single or double quotes (‘ ‘ or “”) 

    • Choose 1 & be consistent

*args

• the asterisk is specific character that can go in front of 1 variable in a functions definition → should come after all of required/keyword arguments & is tuple that can capture extra inputs to the function 

  • This allows for optional arguments that are variable in length → thing of a sum function 

  • Usually used as “args but can replace variable name “args” with anything u want 

**kwargs

• Also allows for variable # of keyword inputs

  • “ ** ” can be put in front of any variable name but kwargs is usually used

  •  Think of like user of function being able to input their own variable/inputs

function

(also called “method”)

• is a transaction between input & output.

  • Can hv no input, 1 input, many, etc 

    • Input can be named or not 

    • Can be optional or required 

  • def firstfunction ():

   Pass (code)

global variable

can be seen anywhere in program

local variable

• only seen in their local context

• ex: ???

conditionals (if/elif/else) 

• Words in language that allow parts of programs to run depending on the conditions

full syntex:

• #Check boolean statement 

  • If <statement is true>: 

    • #code block

• Elif  <another statement> is True: 

  • # check other boolean 

    • <code block>

pass 

• throw away word (used in functions) to make grammar checker happy & is for things not finished yet 

  • Makes python interpreter happy

block

• collection of code meant to be group tg 

  • Specified with white space

• Python is very sensitive to white space and spaces → bx space = grouping of code

for loop 

• goes for some fixed number of times 

  • Ex: “do something for each item in list” or “do this 10 times”

while loop

• executes block of code as long as some condition is true 

  • If accidentally create infinite loop (neverending) → Click Ctrl C

    • This will interrupt and stop loop 

range type 

• Behaves like list where values are same as indices

  • Bc can save space & doesnt need to store all the values 

    • Saves current value, update value & stop value

full form of range

• range(start, stop, step) 

• Start value default is 0 

• Stop value required 

• Step rule default is “+1”

comprehension

•  where creating collection where starts off empty & populate it w a for loop 

  • Can take at least 3 lines of code & compress this into a single line (of code)

• add example code

 word "enumerate"

• will return 2 things about a list/tuple → index & value

•  used to get both the index & value at the same time