AMSCO Unit 3.2

What is the Divine Right of Kings?

A belief that a king is a political and religious authority.

What was the role of justices of the peace in Tudor England?

They maintained peace, settled legal matters, and enforced the monarch's laws.

What was the effect of stronger Tudor rule on feudalism in England?

The power of feudal lords weakened.

What role did Parliament play in Tudor England?

It gave legitimacy to the monarch's authority and checked the monarch's power.

What were two accomplishments of the English Bill of Rights?

1. Assured individual civil liberties 2. Guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy.

How did the French government grow in comparison to the English?

It became more absolute, directed by one source of power.

What changes did Louis XVIII implement in the French government?

Greater centralization and development of the system of intendants.

Why were intendants referred to as tax farmers?

They oversaw the collection of taxes for the royal government.

Why was Louis XIV considered a dictator?

He espoused divine right and sought absolute power.

What was the significance of Versailles to the French government?

It kept nobles close, limiting their independence.

What was the class system in Russia?

Boyars, merchants, peasants.

How were serfs connected to their land?

They were bound to the land and received protection from nobles.

How did Ivan IV feel about the boyar class?

He punished them for opposing his expansionist policies.

What did Ivan IV create to monitor the boyars?

A paramilitary force called the oprichnina.

How did Ivan IV ensure loyalty within the oprichnina?

They were drawn from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants.

What three groups vied for power under the Romanov Dynasty?

The church, the boyars, and members of the tsar's royal family.

Who did Peter the Great have to defeat to come into power?

His half-sister Sophia and her supporters.

Why did Peter lose favor with the clergy despite being called 'the Defender of Orthodoxy'?

He lost their support due to his reforms.

How did Peter the Great organize the Russian government?

By creating provinces for administrative divisions.

What was the Devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

Christian boys were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman government.

Why were boys taken into the Devshirme system always Christian?

Islamic law prohibited enslavement of 'people of the book'.

What jobs did the Devshirme have?

Janissaries, scribes, tax collectors, diplomats.

Why were the Janissaries loyal to the Ottoman Empire?

They were indoctrinated to be loyal to the sultan.

Why did some parents want their sons taken into slavery by the Ottoman Empire?

It provided upward mobility.

How did the Ming Dynasty erase Mongol influence in China?

By reinstating civil service exams, improving education, and reestablishing the bureaucracy.

How did the daimyo contribute to decentralization in Japan?

Each had an army and power to rule fiefdoms.

Why did the samurai have significant economic power in Japan?

They were salaried, initially in rice and later in gold.

What was Oda Nobunaga's role in Japan?

He unified about one-third of Japan and was assassinated.

How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of Japan?

Japan was divided into 250 han controlled by daimyos.

How did the Tokugawa Shogunate control the daimyos?

Daimyos had to maintain residences in both their home territory and the capital.

How did Akbar establish an efficient government in India?

He created a system of fairly administered laws allowing appeals.

How did zamindars impact the Mughal Empire?

They kept more taxes and created personal armies.

How did European monarchs legitimize their authority?

Through divine right and impressive structures.

What was the significance of the new lands conquered by Peter the Great?

It gave Russia a warm-water port on the Baltic.

Describe St. Petersburg.

It was designed with a rectangular grid, built by forced labor.

How did Askia the Great legitimize his rule in Songhai?

By promoting Islam and supporting an efficient bureaucracy.

What architectural accomplishments marked Mughal India?

The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan.

How did the Mughal Empire use Islamic art?

Through calligraphy and geometric designs.

What did the artistic accomplishments of Mughal India signify?

They showcased the power of the ruler.

What changes occurred in the Ottoman Empire during this time?

Changes in government and religion.

What continuities existed in the Ottoman Empire?

Continuity in arts, culture, and economy.

What was the Grand Bazaar and its importance?

It was full of foreign imports and a trade center.

What cultural contributions did the Ottoman Empire make?

Restoration of buildings, notably the cathedral of Saint Sophia.

How did Versailles give Louis XIV power over his nobles?

It centralized authority and domesticated the aristocracy.

How did Peter the Great attempt to industrialize Russia?

By establishing new industries and encouraging private enterprises.

How did Peter increase revenue for Russia?

He raised taxes and compelled workers for shipyards.

How did the Ottomans raise taxes?

By levying taxes on peasants and using tax farming.

How did tax farmers become wealthy?

By skimming money from the taxes they collected.

What contributed to the economic decline of the Mughal Empire?

The burden of taxes and military expenses.

Who was responsible for collecting taxes in the Ming Dynasty?

Private citizens, particularly wealthy families.

In what form were taxes collected in the Ming Dynasty?

Initially in grains and later in silver.

What was the tribute system?

Tributes were given as a sign of respect and allegiance.

Which empires utilized the tribute system?

Korea for China and the Mexica.