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Henry VIII
Broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1530s
Protestant Reformation
Caused by Henry VIII which lead to over a decade of fighting between Catholics and Protestants
Queen Elizabeth I
Made Protestantism the main religion of England in 1558 and crushed Irish rebellion
“Sea dogs”
Pirates working for England that mainly targeted Spanish ships in the name of Protestantism
Sir Francis Drake
1580 he became rich with Spanish booty
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Started one of the first English colonies in Newfoundland but failed after he died in 1583
Sir Walter Raleigh
Half-brother of Gilbert and started Roanoke island colony in North Carolina but its settlers mysteriously disappeared
Roanoke Island
Island off the coast of Virginia that was named after Queen Elizabeth (nicknamed the “Virgin Queen”)
King Philip II
Spanish monarch who tried to invade England in 1588 using an “Invincible Armada” that were defeated by english sea dogs
Spanish Armada
New force of Spanish ships that marked the beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire
Spanish Netherlands
Holland
“Surplus population”
Farmers that had nowhere to go after a depression hit the woolen trade industry.
Primogeniture
A law that states the oldest sons would inherit their families lands
Joint-stock company
The predecessor of the modern corporation that allowed people to invest in “adventurers” to explore for them and make money
Virginia Company of London
Created in 1606 it received a charter from King James I to explore the new world for gold and a find a sea route to India
Charter
The promise that settlers (and eventually the colonies) would have the same rights as Englishmen
King James I
Gave the charter to Virginia Company, didn’t like tobacco
Jamestown
On the James river which was infested with mosquitoes. Many died due to disease, malnutrition, and starvation
“Gentlemen”
Upperclass explorers that didn’t have the experience to fend for themselves and were more interested in gather gold than provisions
Captain John Smith
Took over Jamestown in 1608 and organized the settlers
Powhatan
Local tribe of Native Americans near Jamestown
Pocahontas
Saved John Smith in a fake execution to show impress Smith and convince him to make an alliance with the Powhatans
“Starving time”
The winter of 1609-1610 when the settlers had to resort to eating anything to survive
Lord De La Warr
Governor who imposed a harsh military regime on the settlement and was hostile towards the Natives
Powhatan’s Confederacy
The alliances between conquered tribes of the larger Powhatan tribe
“Irish tactics”
Burning, pillaging, and confiscating provisions from local villages
First Anglo-Powhatan War
When Lord De La Warr attacked and pillaged the Powhatan tribes, which ended after Pocohantas married John Rolfe in 1614
John Rolfe
Colonist in Jamestown who married Pocohantas
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
1644 the Native Americans tried one last time to get the colonists to leave but they failed and settled for a peace treaty in 1646
Algonquians
Group of organized Natives that sought to unify other tribes in the area for strength
Tobacco
The industry was fathered by John Rolfe and became Virginia’s cash crop
House of Burgesses
A form of parliament for the settlers of Jamestown
Royal Colony of Virginia
Virginia became a royal colony after their charter was revoked by James I due to VIrginia company going bankrupt and the king’s deteste of tobacco
Maryland
Founded in 1634 was the second plantation royal colony near Chesapeake Bay
Lord Baltimore
Founded the Maryland colony to be a safe haven for Catholics and financial profit
Absentee proprietor
Owner of a corporation (Lord Baltimore over Maryland colony)
Indentured servants
People who were in debt and used manual labor to pay it off
Act of Toleration
Passed in 1649, it granted toleration to all Christians in Maryland
Sugar
“Rich man’s crop”
Barbados Slave Code
Passed 1661, it denied even the most basic of human rights to all slaves
Carolina
Settled by the English in 1670, became a trading hub by creating ties with the West Indies
King Charles I
Beheaded in 1649 after he dismissed parliament in 1629
Parliament
Representatives of the people in England
Oliver Cromwell
Protestant and replaced Charles I for almost a decade
King Charles II
Son of Charles I and retook the throne in 1660, he restarted the colonization of the Americas
Restoration period
While Cromwell was in power colonization was slow/didn’t happen, when Charles II came into power he kickstarted further colonization in the Americas
Lords Proprietors
8 of the king’s favorites who were granted land in the colonies
Savannah Native Americans
Native Americans that the Carolina settlers took as slaves
Rice
Popular crop in the Carolinas and perpetuated African slave trade because they were experienced in growing rice and had immunity to malaria
Charles Town
The largest trading port in the south
“Squatters”
Newcomers to North Carolina that had no legal claim to any land
North Carolina
Was known for being against authority and welcoming to pirates
South Carolina
Very aristocratic, was more obedient that the north
Iroquois Confederacy
Based in Mohawk Valley and made up of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Onondagas
Deganawidah
One of the founders of the Iroquois Confederacy
Hiawatha
One of the founders of the Iroquois Confederacy
Iroquois longhouse
A long house that stretched 25 feet and house with 2 fireplaces and 2 families that were related
Maternal bloodline
All properties/titles would be passed down the mother’s side
Five nations
Senecas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Onondagas
Tuscarora
Based in the Carolinas who wanted to join the confederacy peacefully
“Mourning wars”
Large scale adoption of refugees and other tribes’ captives
Handsome Lake
A prophet, who in 1799 received a vision that prompted him to “save his people” by making them give up alcohol and stop infighting
Tuscarora War
When Europeans from both Carolinas ganged up to destroy the Tuscaroras causing many of them to be forced into slavery if they weren’t killed
Yamasee
Group of Native Americans that the Carolinians destroyed
Georgia
One of the slowest growing colonies due to poor crop climate, restrictions of slavery, and attacks from the Spanish
Savannah
Melting pot similar to Charlestown, had religious tolerance except for Catholics
Buffer
A cushion/barrier for the Spanish colonies to protect the Carolinas
King George II
King of England and reason for naming of Georgia
James Oglethorpe
Fought for prison reform after one of his friends died in prison and founded the Methodist Church
The “Charity Colony”
Georgia was called this because they had many philanthropists
Church of England
Dominant faith in the plantation colonies except for North Carolina
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