PBSI 315 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE

Attraction

Like a magnet, pulls you in a friendship/ romance way

its what draws people together

Types of relationships

Friends, colleagues, lover, stranger

Like

Based on friendship, admiration, or positive feelings

Love

Involves stronger emotional commitment, including passion, intimacy, and long term commitment

Aronson: Max reward at minimum cost

We are attracted to people who provide the maximum reward with minimal cost

Proximity

The more we see and interact with people the more likely they are to become your friends

functional distance more than physical distance

Functional distance

How likely people are to interact, based on opportunity

Physical distancr

Literal, measurable space between 2 people or locations

Availability

Proximity makes it more likely that you will come into contact with each other

Anticipating interaction

We think they will be nice, which leads us to behave warmly

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads us to increased liking of that stimulus

Letter name effect

We prefer things that resemble ourselves even those in our name

Tend to stick together

Birds of a feather

Important similarity

physical appearance

traits

goals

values

beliefs

life stories

Similarity

Smoother interaction validates beliefs and makes people seem more likable

complementary

Opposite attract if they fulfill each other

I-sharing

Feeling that another person shares your subjective experiences

Physical attractiveness

We tend to like people who are attractive

Halo effect

The belief that attractive people posses a number of positive qualities beyond their physical attractiveness

True

True or false: Attraction varies culturally but some features are universally preferred

balance theory

We like people who are aligned with us socially; my enemy is my friend

Types of love

passionate vs companionate

Passionate love

Strong feeling of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person

Companionate love

Mutual understanding and caring to make the relationship succeed

Sternberg triangle theory of love

Passion

Intimacy

Commitment

Passion

An emotional state characterized by high bodily arousal, desire, and approach motivational states, may be automatic or instinctively

Intimacy

A feeling of closeness, mutual understanding, and concern for each other; receives self-disclose and emotional sharing

Commitment

A decision to remain together

investment model of commitment

Rewards

alternatives

investment

Rewards

relationship satisfaction,

what do you get from the relationships

Alternatives

few alternative partners,

are there other options

Investment

what have you put into the relationships

Maintain love/ creating stronger bonds

Be playful/break routine

set reasonable expectations

forgive and apologize

really listen

Why do breakups hurt?

Threat to self-concept

social motivation, (SM), Self-esteem (SE), goals, identity, and social availability

Why do breakups feel better?

Personal growth, dissonance reduction helps us cope, confirmation bias

5 steps model to help people

Notice event

interpret as emergency

assume responsibility

know how to help

decide to help

Diffusion of responsibility

More people=less personal responsibility

Factors that influence helping

Number of people present

Bystander effect

People are less likely to help when other people are, present compared to when alone. helping those we like; similarity, attractiveness

attribution of victims responsibility ( blaming victims/ less likely to help)

Time pressure

How to increase helping?

Reduce ambiguity and educate people about helping

Prosocial behavior

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Example of prosocial behavior

Helping, comforting, sharing, cooperating

Why do we behave prosocially?

rewards/ punishments

upsetting to see someone suffer

reciprocity

social responsibility

Egoistic helping?

Helping to receive some sort of benefit

Altruistic helping

Helping primarily to increase another persons welfare

Empathy

The ability to put oneself in anothers shoes

Empathy-altuisim link

Empathy can help lead to truly altruistic behavior from egoistic helping

Does happiness matter?

Yes it can effect on friendship, jobs, health, and live longer

Can seeking happiness backfire

yes if used obsessively, overfocus can reduce enjoyment and increase lonliness

Not necessarily

can happiness be bought?

Extrinsic aspirtation

Focused on achieving external awards like fame, money, and image

Intrinsic aspirations

Focused on inherent sense of satisfaction and fulfillment like personal growth, relationships, and helping others

Basic psychological needs

competence, relatedness, autonomy

Competence

The display of adequate abilities or skills for a particular task or situation

Example of competence

Most days i feel accomplishment from what i do

Relatedness

The desire to feel loved, connected to others

Example of relatedness

I really like the people i interaction with

Autonomy

Making independent decisions that align with personal values and goals

Authenticty

your actions align with your core values and beliefs with the hope of discovering and acting in sync with their selves

2 components of authenticity

self-integrity

self-fluency

Self-integrity

Following your true self

Self-fluency

Acting natural in social interactions

Hedonic treadmill

A concept that we adapt to positive and negative changes and return to a happiness set point

false

True or false: negative experiences take longer to get back to set point

How to speed up negative events

Downward social comparison

Cognitive reappraisal

socializing

Downward social comparison

Comparison with a target who is worse off

ex: at least i did better than

Cognitive reappraisal

finding meaning in negative events and benefit in negative events, writing and journaling can help with this

socializing

Seeking comfort, help, or advice from others

Slowing down positive evtns

Gratitude and helping others

Is happiness always good?

yes, but more isn't always better

Income and education

Best outcome for moderate happiness level due to greater engagement

Romantic relationship and volunteering

Best outcome at highest happiness level

Achievement based domain

what benefit from striving and dissatisfaction

Relationship domain

What benefits from idealization and positive illusions

postive psychology

A field focused on strengths, virtues, and flourishing developed in contrast to traditional psychology's focus on dysfunction

Six core virtues from VIA strengths

courage, justice, humanity, temperance, transcendence, wisdom

Key strengths of positive psychology

Forgiveness, gratitude, and humility

Forgiveness

Letting go of resentment and retaliation

Gratitude

Thankfulness for benefits recieved

Humility

Accurate self-assessment, openness, and low self-focus

Subjective well-being (SWB)

A combination of life satisfaction, high positive affect, and low negative affect

Three components of SWB

life satisfaction, positive feelings, negative feelings

Causes of SWB

Internal

external

Internal ( top down)

Temperament, personality, outlook, goals

External ( bottom up)

Income, relationships, health

How do you measure SWB

Self-report scales

High SWB

Developed nations have..

Low SWB

Regions with poverty and conflict have...

Outcomes of High SWB

Health, live longer, more productivity, better relationships, Job performance, better citizens

Enhancing SWB

Gratitude practice, helping others, cognitive reappraisal social support, journaling, savoring, mindfulness

Three traditional pillars of meaning

coherence

purpose

significance

coherence

Feeling that life makes sense

purpose

Being orientated toward rewards and fulfilling goals

significance

Feeling that your life matters to self and others

Daily routine and natural order of life

What can help maintain coherences

What can restore coherence after its disrupted

feedback from others like a therapist or loved one

If aligned with internal values

What cam make purpose stronger?

Experential appreciation

Appreciating small, beautiful experiences and moments

Romance selectvity

Refers to how individuals evaluate and pursue potential romantic partner

True

True or false: men tend to be less selective than women