Freud & Psychoanalysis

Freud, of course, was fortunate that his name did not become indelibly tied to cocaine. Instead, his name has become associated with _____ (freud)

psychoanalysis

Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud was born either on

March 6 or May 6, 1856

a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body (freud)

hysteria

 the process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.” (freud)

catharsis

He spent 4 months with ______, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating (freud)

Jean-Martin Charcot

_________ constitute a firsthand account of the beginnings of psychoanalysis and reveal the embryonic stage of Freudian theory. (freud)

Freud’s letters to Fliess

Why did Freud abandon his once-treasured seduction theory?

 First, he said, the seduction theory had not enabled  him to successfully treat even a single patient.

Second, a great number of fathers, including his own, would have to be accused of sexual perversion because hysteria was quite common even among Freud’s siblings.

Third, Freud believed that the unconscious mind could probably not distinguish reality from fiction, a belief that later evolved into the Oedipus complex.

Fourth, he found that the unconscious memories of advanced psychotic patients almost never revealed early childhood sexual experiences

Freud’s official biographer

Ernest Jones

Freud’s personal physician

Max Schur

the book that established sex as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality

the book that proposed that jokes, like dreams and Freudian slips, have an unconscious meaning.

 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious

Freud’s greatest contribution to personality theory is

 his exploration of the unconscious and his insistence that people are motivated primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness

mental life is divided into two levels _____ and _____ (freud)

unconscious and conscious

unconscious, in turn, has two different levels, (freud)

 unconscious proper and preconscious

 Because its sole function is to seek pleasure, we say that the id serves the ______ (freud)

pleasure principle

 As the region that houses basic drives (primary motivates), the id operates through the (freud)

 primary process.

The ego is governed by the _______, which it tries to substitute for the pleasure principle of the id. (freud)

reality principle

 The superego has two subsystems (freud)

the conscience and the ego-ideal

 In Freudian psychology, the superego, or above-I, represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the (freud)

moralistic and idealistic principles

The mouth and anus are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure and are called ______ zones. (freud)

erogenous

Infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively in their own ego. (freud)

primary narcissism

 During puberty, however, adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self-interests. (freud)

secondary narcissism

______ is the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person. (freud)

Sadism

 ______ explains the need for the barriers that people have erected to check aggression. (freud)

aggressive drive

They involve the repression of strong hostile impulses and the overt and obvious expression of the opposite tendency. (freud)

reaction formations

Sex and aggression share the center of Freudian dynamic theory with the concept of ______. (freud)

anxiety

 Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety, but the id, superego, and external world each are involved in one of three kinds of anxiety: ______, ______, and ______. (freud)

neurotic, moral, and realistic

 ______ is defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. (freud)

Neurotic anxiety

 ______ stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. (freud)

moral anxiety

 ______ is closely related to fear. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. (freud)

realistic anxiety

The most basic defense mechanism, because it is involved in each of the others, is ______. (freud)

 repression

One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form. This defense mechanism is called a ______. (freud)

reaction formation

 The strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage is ______. (freud)

fixation

When an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety by attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. (freud)

projection

An extreme type of projection is ______, a mental disorder characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution. (freud)

paranoia

Whereas projection involves placing an unwanted impulse onto an external object, ______ is a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. (freud)

introjection

 ______ is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim. (freud)

Sublimation

The most crucial stage for personality formation is the ______ stage. (freud)

infantile stage

Freud’s first infantile stage of development is the ______. (freud)

oral phase

This period is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function. (freud)

sadistic-anal phase or anal phase

People who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion. (freud)

anal character

 The anal triad includes ______. (freud)

orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy

 At approximately 3 or 4 years of age, children begin a third stage of infantile development—the ______. (freud)

 phallic phase

______ is brought about partly by parents’ attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children. (freud)

latency stage

It is a stage attained by everyone who reaches physical maturity. (freud)

genital period

With ______, patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to their mind, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear. (freud)

free association

 ______ refers to the strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment. (freud)

Transference

 ______ is the surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer. (freud)

manifest content

 ______ refers to its unconscious material. (freud)

latent content

______ refers to the fact that the manifest dream content is not as extensive as the latent level, indicating that the unconscious material has been abbreviated or condensed before appearing on the manifest level. (freud)

Condensation

______ means that the dream image is replaced by some other idea only remotely related to it. (freud)

Displacement

______ refers to what many people now simply call “Freudian slips.” (freud)

parapraxes

______ are disguised means of expressing unconscious impulses. (freud)

dreams and Freudian slips

 A boy’s fear of losing his penis is called ______. (freud)

castration anxiety

Like boys, pre-Oedipal girls assume that all other children have genitals similar to their own. Soon they discover that boys not only possess different genital equipment, but apparently something extra. Girls then become envious of this appendage, feel cheated, and desire to have a penis. This experience is called ______. (freud)

penis envy