Biology chapter 2

primary paper is which type of research

priamry research

most accurate type of research

primary paper

what is an independent variable

the type of variable being experimented on

what is a dependent variable

What is being measured

When was the theory of evolutoin written

1859

Who wrote the theory of evolution

Charles Darwin

Which elements make up most biological molecules

CHNOPS

Which elements are electrolytes

Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca

Amu of a proton

1.7 × 10^-24g

amu of a neutron

1 Amu

Amu of an electron

1/1,800

what makes up the nucleaus of an atom

protons and neutrons

if there are 30 protons in a nucleus then there are how many electrons in a nucleus?

30

What is an isotope

An atom with an altered amount if neutrons

which carbon isotope is radioactive

carbon-14

why is carbon-14 radioactive

because of beta decay it slowly transforms into a nitrogen-14

What do the subscrips of CH₃ mean?

there are 1 carbon and 3 hydrogen atoms.

Where does ATP come from?

mitochondria

what is lactic acid?

when cells break down carbohydrates for energy

What is the equation for glucose (sugar)

C₆H₁₂O₆

what do ionic bonds create?

Ions

what do chemical bonds do?

holds elements and energy together

What is a redox reaction?

Oxidation-reduction reaction

What happens when an electron is loss in a redox reaction

oxidation

what happens when an electron is gained in a redox reaction

reduction

What do hydrogen bonds do?

Hold and releases energy

What do coovalent bonds do?

shares electrons, helps hold atoms together

Water has which type of covalent bond?

polar/unequal

how are hydrogen bonds bnroken?

through vaporation of high heat

how are hydrogen bonds temperature resistant?

They absorb and release heat without phase change occuring

what is the universal solvent?

water

What does water not mix with?

oil

what does hydrophylic mean

it is polar and attracts to water

what does hydrophopbic mean?

it is nonpolar and repels from water

What does hydrogen not have?

a neutron

what is an atom with only a proton?

H⁺

what does a proton pump look like?

H⁺ H⁺ H⁺

What is heavy water?

Water with deuterium in it.

what does heavy water have that water doesn’t have

neutrons

what does cohesive mean?

clings together

what does adhesive water mean?

water is attracted to the edges of the cylinder

why is life water based?

because of hydrogen bonds

what about hydrogen bonds make life water-based?

hydrogen bonds holds DNA strings together.

how does log scale work with the Ph scale?

the lower down the Ph scale, the more protons there are

the lower the Ph scale the more?

acidic

The higher the Ph scale the more?

Alkaline (basic)

each number on the scale is either how much times more or less than the last number?

10x

How much more acidic is stomach acid compared to water, tears, or saliva?

1 million

what are the 5 emergent properties of water?

cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, universal solvent

what is a control in a experiment

experiment without the dependent variable