Biology chapter 2

what is an independent variable

the type of variable being experimented on

what is a dependent variable

What is being measured

When was the theory of evolutoin written

1859

Who wrote the theory of evolution

Charles Darwin

Which elements make up most biological molecules

CHNOPS

Which elements are electrolytes

Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca

amu of a neutron

1 Amu

Amu of an electron

1/1,800

what makes up the nucleaus of an atom

protons and neutrons

if there are 30 protons in a nucleus then there are how many electrons in a nucleus?

30

What is an isotope

An atom with an altered amount if neutrons

what is lactic acid?

when cells break down carbohydrates for energy in anearobic conditions

What is the equation for glucose (sugar)

C₆H₁₂O₆

what do ionic bonds create?

Ions

what do chemical bonds do?

holds elements and energy together

What is a redox reaction?

Oxidation-reduction reaction

What happens when an electron is loss in a redox reaction

oxidation

what happens when an electron is gained in a redox reaction

reduction

What do hydrogen bonds do with energy?

Hold and releases energy

What do coovalent bonds do?

shares electrons, helps hold atoms together

Water has which type of covalent bond?

polar/unequal

how are hydrogen bonds bnroken?

high heat

how are hydrogen bonds temperature resistant?

They absorb and release heat without phase change occuring

what is the universal solvent?

water

What does water not mix with?

oil

what does hydrophylic mean

it is polar and attracts to water

what does hydrophopbic mean?

it is nonpolar and repels from water

What does hydrogen not have?

a neutron

what is an atom with only a proton?

H⁺

What is heavy water?

Water with deuterium in it.

what does cohesive mean?

clings together

what does adhesive water mean?

water is attracted to the edges of the cylinder

why is life water based?

because of hydrogen bonds

what about hydrogen bonds make life water-based?

holds DNA strands together.

How much more acidic is stomach acid compared to water, tears, or saliva?

1 million

what are the 5 emergent properties of water?

temperature resistant, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, solid less dense than liquid, cohesive and adhesive

how many electrons can fit in the first orbital

2

how may electrons can fit in the second orbital

8

what is an innert element

element doesn’t react with anything else because the orbital is full

What does excess sodium do to your body

increase blood pressure

what happens when covalent bonds are equally shared?

they become nonpolar

what happens when covalent bonds unequally share

They become polar

what happens to polar covalent bonds

they become charged

what type of covalent bonds mix with water?

polar compounds

when is water the most dense

4 degrees celcius