Exercise 19: Erythrocyte Count and Other Indices and Hemoglobin Content

what is hemoglobin?

Heme means iron “bind to 02” 

Globin means Protein “four polypeptide chains 2 alpha and 2 beta”

hemoglobin with oxygen bound is known as ?

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin when oxygen is released is known as ?

deoxyhemoglobin

carboxyhemoglobin

when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin quicker than oxygen which casues carbon monoxide poisoning 

hemoglobin and hydrogen causes ?

reduced hemoglobin 

hemoglobin and carbon dioxide causes ?

carbaminohemoglobin

what happens when hemoglobin binds to nitric acid?

the nitric acid binds to the protein portion and acts as a vasodilator

What does hemoglobin carry from the lungs to the tissues and what does it pickup from the tissues to the lungs?

It carries oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide and hydrogen 

Describe Anemia

a condition that limits the ability to transport oxygen in the blood, occurs when the blood is unable to transport more than 13.5 mL oxygen per dL of whole blood

What does it mean if the red blood cell count is higher than normal

Polycythemia

What does it mean if the red blood cell count is lower than normal

Erythrocytopenia

Polycythemia Vera

no arterial hypoxia. Could be due to overproduction of erythropoietin by the kidneys, or malfunction of the red bone marrow.

Secondary Polycythemia

due to systemic arterial hypoxia like COPD, RPD, and high altitude. High cell count and high cell mass.

Relative Polycythemia

high cell count only not cell mass, like dehydration 

Hemocytometer

a specialized glass slide where whole blood is drawn and diluted with an isotonic solution which allows you to count red blood cells

Hematocrit

determines the % volume of packed red blood cells in a sample of whole blood

• a sample of blood is drawn into a capillary tube, then spun in a centrifuge, which causes heavier red blood cells to be compacted at the bottom and white blood cells and platelets settle on top

Tallquist Test

a colored hemoglobin scale that estimates the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Also determines the amount of oxygen that can be transported by the bloodd

what are light and dark erythrocytes called?

light = hypochromic

dark = hyperchromic

what causes normocytic/normochromic anemia

1. hemorrhage or spesis

2. long-term illness

3. aplastic anemia

4. kidney disease or failure

what causes microcyptic/hypochromic anemia

1. oron deficiency

2. inflammation

3. lead poisoning

4. thalassemia

what causes macrocytic/normochromic anemia

1. vitamn B12 deficiency 

2. folate deficiency

3. some forms of chemotherapey