Protestant Reformation Overall

Church Corruption Methods

Simony, Nepotism, Indulgences

Simony

Buying and selling of Church offices

Nepotism

The appointing of friends and family to church offices

Indulgences

Offering a way for people to buy their ways to salvation

Martin Luther

Founder of the Protestant/Lutheran churches, who rejected the church hierarchy for a priesthood of all believers, who wrote 95 theses for reform, which spread through the printing press

Diet of Worms

Church court hearing where Martin Luther was excommunicated for not recanting, and forced to go in to hiding with the help of princes, who wanted to weaken the Pope to get power for themselves

Vernacular Bible

Bible Luther wrote in German to spread his ideas and get the people reading for themselves

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism, who believed in Predestination and Elect

Predestination

Belief that God chose from birth who would and would not be saved

Elect

Belief that those whom God had chosen to save were the elect, and the elect couldn't choose to not be saved, and that through faith, they would be saved, and them being saved would naturally lead to good works being done

Calvin's Geneva

In Geneva, Switzerland, Calvin combined Church and State to make a Calvinist Welfare state

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Complete treatment of reformation written by Calvin

Anabaptists

Protestants who believed that Infants could not be baptized, only adults, and that Church should supersede state, with the two being separated, and refused to serve in wars of the state

Huguenot

French Calvinists

Charles IX

Young French King who had his mother, Catherine de Medici, run the country, who wanted to purge the Huguenot to consolidate power

Massacre of Vassy

Massacre of the Huguenot led by the Bourbon family and Catherine de Medici where Huguenot were killed at a religious service indiscriminately

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot who married in to the French Royal Bourbon Family, at the wedding, Catherine de Medici organized a massacre of his Huguenot guests, which spread to kill over 10,000 Huguenot across France

War of the Three Henry's

Henry III was the Catholic King of France who was supported by Catherine de Medici, but was unpopular; Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot who married in and was the leader of the Bourbon Family; and Henry of Guise was Catholic and wanted only Catholics to rule France; Henry of Navarre assassinated the other two and took the throne under the name of Henry IV of France

Edict of Nantes

Established France as Catholic under Henry IV (Henry of Navarre), but gave Huguenot the right to worship without harassment still

Thirty Year's War

Peace of Augsburg didn't include Calvinists, so Fredrick I, a Calvinist Leader, challenged Ferdinand I, the absolute Catholic Monarch of the HRE, so Ferdinand broke the PoA by shutting down Protestant Churches in Bohemia, so the Protestants did the Defenestration of Prague, starting the war, which had four phases, the Bohemian Phase, between the Protestant Union and Catholic League in Bohemia, where Ferdinand II (Catholic) won at the Battle of White Mountain; the Danish Phase, where the King of Denmark (Protestant), attacked Catholics; the Swedish Phase, where Gustavus Aldophus of Sweden (Protestant) won on an International Scale; and the French Phase, where the French joined the Protestants even though they were ruled by Catholics just to fight the Spanish Habsburgs to make sure they wouldn't recover from previous Protestant defeats

Defenestration of Prague

Ferdinand I shut down Protestant Churches in Bohemia in response to Fredrick I, so Protestants threw his officials out a window, starting the Thirty Year's War

Battle of White Mountain

Ferdinand II defeated Fredrick I in the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Year's War, reestablishing Catholicism in many German States

Gustavus Aldophus

King of Sweden during the Thirty Year's Year, a Protestant who scored major victories

Cardinal Richelieu

French Catholic Cardinal who funded much of the Protestant side of the Thirty Year's War just because he hated the Habsburgs so much politically

Peace of Westphalia

End of the Thirty Year's War and all of Europe's religious wars, made Calvinism a part of the Peace of Augsburg, made the Emperor of the HRE weak and the individual rulers stronger, ended Universal Christendom with the Church being forever divided

Catholic/Counter Reformation

Catholic Reformation in response to Protestantism weakening them

Roman Inquisition

Had the authority to arrest and execute heretics to maintain power

Index of Prohibited Books

List of Prohibited Books in the Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation

Council of Trent

Council which met consistently to reform, ended up suppressing simony and indulgences and reaffirmed the celibacy of the clergy, and reaffirmed the seven sacraments and many contested points against Protestants

Carmelite Order

Catholic Order which cemented the strict rules of poverty amongst sisters and brothers

Jesuits

Order where the members took vows of chastity and poverty to bring Catholicism to other places and founded schools to teach Catholicism

Querelle Des Femmes

Question in France if Women should go to University

Carnival

Festival before Lent practiced by Catholics which some Protestants forbade

Stocks

Punishment were people were restrained in wood in public

Flogging

Punishment with a whip

Witchcraft

People were executed for being witches and making deals with the devil

Mannerism

Art had deep emotion and drama in historical event depictions, such as The Last Judgment by Michelangelo

Baroque

Highly Emotional and Dramatic art which had lots of ornate detail during the Counter Reformation

Peter Paul Rubens

Most famous Baroque artist