week 1: Communicable/Infectious disease + NFP Guest Lecture

_______________: infection disease capable of being transmitted from one person to another or from a surface or food

Communicable disease

____________: can not be transmitted from one person to another

Infectious disease

Ex: flu, covid, HIV, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, varicella, hepatitis

these are examples of _______________

Communicable diseases

lyme disease, legionnaires, UTI, rocky mountain spotted fever, common bacterial infections that affect ears or sinuses

these are examples of _______________

Infectious diseases

list the chains/links of transmission

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

which chain/link of transmission does this describe?

Bacteria (salmonella + E. coli), pathogens, fungi (candida), viruses (hep A-E, HIV), parasites (helminths + protozoa)

infectious agent/pathogen

which chain/link of transmission does this describe?

Dry surfaces and equipment, people, water, animals/insects, soil (earth)

reservoir

which chain/link of transmission does this describe?

Open wounds/skin, splatter of body fluids, aerosols

portal of exit

which chain/link of transmission does this describe?

Contact (direct/indirect), ingestion, inhalation

mode of transmission

which chain/link of transmission does this describe?

Broken skin/incisions, respiratory tract, mucus membranes, catheters and tubes

portal of entry

how do you break the chain: Infectious agent/pathogen? 2

dx and tx, antimicrobial stewardship

how do you break the chain: reservoir? (5)

Cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, infection prevention policies, pest control

how do you break the chain: portal of exit? (5)

Hand hygiene, PPE, Control of aerosols and splatter, respiratory etiquette, waste disposal

how do you break the chain: mode of transmission? (7)

Hand hygiene, PPE, Food safety, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, isolation

how do you break the chain: portal of entry? (5)

Hand hygiene, PPE, personal hygiene, first aid, removal of catheters and tubes

how do you break the chain: susceptible host? (4)

Immunizations,

Tx of underlying disease,

Health insurance,

Pt education

which contact mode of transmission does this describe?

___________ transmission: human to human contact, droplets

Direct

which contact mode of transmission does this describe?

___________ tranmission: vectors + fomites

indirect

indirect transmission type

____________: animal who can transmit infectious agent through biological and mechanical routes (usually via bite/sting)

vector

indirect transmission type

____________: any inanimate objects, materials, or substance that act as transport agents for microbe (ex: water, shared phone)

fomite

___________: the ability to enter and multiply in the host

infectivity

___________: the ability to produce a specific clinical reaction after infection occurs

pathogenicity

___________: the ability to produce a severe pathological reaction (reflects structural and/or biochemical properties)

virulence

Breaking the Chain of Transmission:

CECC

Controlling: the agent,

Eradicating: the nonhuman reservoir,

Controlling: the human reservoir (Quarantine-isolation during incubation period),

Controlling: the portals of exit and entry

(Isolation of sick persons

Universal precautions)

_________ immunity: immunization of an individual by administration of an antigen

active

_________ immunity: Induces ACQUIRED immunity

active

_________ immunity:

Ex: vaccinating children against childhood diseases

active

_________ immunity: Usually characterized by the presence of an antibody produced by host

active

active immunity: Usually characterized by the presence of an _____________

antibody produced by host

_________ immunity: immunization through the transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual

passive

_________ immunity: Transfer of antibody during pregnancy to fetus

passive

_________ immunity: Administration of antibody-containing preparation (immunoglobulin or antiserum)

Ex: after Hep A exposure

passive

_________ immunity: the level of immunity of a group or community

herd

Basis for increasing immunization coverage for vaccine-preventable disease

herd immunity

the higher the immunization coverage → __________ the herd immunity

greater

_________ immunity: Resistance of a group of people to invasion and spread of an infectious agent

herd

________ immunity: Based on resistance of a high proportion of individual members of a group to infection

herd

which stage of infection is this?

infectious agent has invaded a host and found condition hospital to replicate

latent period

which stage of infection is this?

Replication before shedding/spread

latent period

which stage of infection is this?

begins with shedding/spread of agent

communicable period

which stage of infection is this?

time from invasion to time when disease symptoms first appears

incubation period

which stage of infection is this?

May overlap with communicable period

incubation period

which stage of infection is this?

Lot of variation (ex: 2-4 hours for staph food poisoning vs 10-15 yr for AIDS)

incubation period

________ : refers to entry, development, and multiplication of infectious agent in susceptible host

Infection:

__________: one of the possible outcomes of infection may indicate a physiological dysfunction or pathologic reaction

disease

not all contact with an infectious agent leads to ____________, and not all ____________ leads to an ____________

infection, infection, infectious disease

___________: # of new cases in population

incidence

___________: constant presence of disease within geographic area or population

endemic

Ex: pertussis is a(n) _________ in US

endemic

___________: an unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time

outbreak

___________: occurrence of disease in region in excess of normal expectancy (even 1 case can be considered .... if disease previously eliminated from that area)

epidemic

Ex: 1 case of smallpox anywhere would constitute an _________

epidemic

___________: an epidemic occurring worldwide affecting large populations

pandemic

Ex: HIV, Novel Influenza A H1N1, Covid-19

these are examples of __________

pandemic

what is the purpose of surveillance as a public health action?

No health department, state/local, can effectively prevent/control disease w/o knowing w......

when, where, and under what conditions cases are occurring

________________:

-Gathers “who, when, where, and what”

-Element used to answer “why”

Surveillance

CDC uses _____________:

collaboration among public health agencies and partners for timely exchange of syndromic data

national syndrome surveillance program

Good surveillance system systematically collects, organizes, and analyzes current, accurate, and complete data for a defined disease condition

_____________: remove a disease from a large geographic area (country or region of world)

Elimination of disease

_____________: removing a disease worldwide by ending all transmission of infection through complete extermination infectious agent

eradication of disease

Ex: small pox

eradication of disease or elimination of disease?

eradication

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Safe sexual behavior

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Malaria chemoprophylaxis

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Tetanus booster, flu shots

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Baies pre-exposure immunization

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Safe food-handling practices in the home

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Repellants for preventing vector-borne disease

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Following childhood immunizations recommendations, "no shots, no school" laws

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Regulated and inspected municipal water supplies

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Bloodborne pathogen regulations

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Federal regulation from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

primary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Quarantine

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-HIV testing and tx

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-STI partner notification

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-TB screening for healthcare workers

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Rabies post-exposure immunization

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Immunization and chemoprophylaxis as appropriate in meningococcal outbreak

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Immunoglobulin after Hep A exposure

secondary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-PCP chemoprophylaxis for people with AIDS/HIV stage III

tertiary

which level of prevention does this describe?

-Regular inspection of hands and feet as well as protective footwear and gloves to avoid trauma and infection for leprosy pts who have lost sensation in those areas

tertiary

__________: VOLUNTARY support for pregnant people, new parents, and families with young kids, provided by a REGISTERED NURSE who specialize in pregnancy and early childhood (pregnancy through age 2/first 1000 days)

Nurse home visiting

Nurse home visiting:

__________ support for pregnant people, new parents, and families with young kids, provided by a(n) ____________ who specialize in pregnancy and early childhood : ______________

VOLUNTARY, REGISTERED NURSE, pregnancy through age 2/first 1000 days

Nurse home visiting:

During pregnancy nurses: ...

-Monitor __________

-Help families __________

-Provide __________ for healthy pregnancy and the newborn period, provide breastfeeding education, and connect families to resources to support their social needs

BP, prepare for labor and birth, anticipatory guidance

Nurse home visiting:

Key goals:

-Improve ___________

-Improve ___________

-Improve ___________

pregnancy outcomes, child health and development, economic self-sufficiency of the family

Nurse home visiting can be done at .... (3)

the family's home,

virtually,

or in another safe location in Philadelphia that works best for the family

PAT =

Parents as Teachers Model

what are the 4 dynamic components of PAT?

personal visits, resource network, child and caregiver screening, group connect

3 dynamic components of PAT: personal visits

- focus on ....

play, parenting strengths, and wellbeing

4 dynamic components of PAT:

________________: a web of internal and external community relationships to address the needs of all families

resource network

4 dynamic components of PAT:

_______________: to ensure equity of care and to ensure all appropriate support and services are provided to families

Child and Caregiver Screenings:

4 dynamic components of PAT:

________________: monthly family-centered events throughout the city

Group Connects

PAT model uses the cycle of

1

2

3

to guide their work with families

partnering, facilitating, reflecting

PAT Model uses the cycle of

_____________: shared ownership, self-efficacy, and a supportive environment where families feel safe to learn and explore their strengths

partnering

PAT Model uses the cycle of

_____________: NHVs affirm family efforts and support their professional goals, from child development knowledge to cultural competence, coaching them toward solutions

facilitating

PAT Model uses the cycle of

_____________: the reflective process (questioning, role play, visualizing) motivates families, helps ID barriers, and builds problem-solving skills

reflecting

PAT Cycle and its Relationship to Nursing Process:

-The nursing process = _________

-________: each phases builds on and influences the others

-_________ to family needs and challenges

-__________: focuses on informed decision-making and family engagement

-__________: fosters respect and shared growth between NHVs and families

-___________: structured approach with clear, shared objectives

-__________: addresses all aspect of family care

-__________ across diverse settings

ADPIE, Dynamic and problem-orientated, Flexible and adaptable, patient-centered , Collaborative and interpersonal, Systemic and goal-directed, Holistic, Universally applicable