Claves
Wooden sticks
Agogo bells
Cow bells
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Claves
Wooden sticks
Agogo bells
Cow bells
Talking drum
Held under arm. Tonality can be changed
Djembe
Held between knees and struck with hands
Balafon
A tuned xylophone lie instrument
Mbira
A thumb piano, tuned instrument
Kora
A large plucked string instrument
Ostinato
Short repeated rhythms
Polyrhythms
Different rhythmic patters played simultaneously
Cross rhythms
Triplets against duplets
Syncopation
Emphasising weak beats
Features in African vocal music
Solo voice
Call and response
Parallel 3rds and 6ths
Layered/ staggered entries
Chordal + homophonic texture in choir sections