RAD 255- Chapter 4: the Atom

element

can’t be broken down more simpler (Hydrogen example)

Atom

smallest unit of an element

Compound

atoms of different elements bound together chemically

Mixture

2+ substances not chemically combined

Molecule

2+ atoms chemically bound together & smallest unit of a compound

Barium sulfate powder

compound, BaSO4 with 3 elements 6 atoms

Barium sulfate suspension

mixture of BaSO4 & water , never chemically combines

Z# for Hydrogen (H)

1

Z# for Helium (He)

2

Z# for Carbon (C)

6

Z# for Oxygen (O)

8

Z# for Aluminum (Al)

13

Z# for Calcium (Ca)

20

Z# for Iodine (I)

53

Z# for Barium (Ba)

56

Z# for Tungsten (W)

74

Z# for Rhenium (Re)

75

Z# for Lead (Pb)

82

Z# for Uranium (U)

92

How many electrons in each suborbital?

2

How much bigger is a proton compared to an electron?

2000xA

atomic # (Z#)

number of protons in atoms nucleus and determines chemical identity of the element

The columns on the periodic table are _____ which increases Z# left to right

groups

The rows in the periodic table are _____ which determine the orbital shell.

period

Left side of the periodic table is considered ____ reactive

highly

Group 8 are known as:

Noble gasses

Ejection of neutron equals what type of particulate radiation:

beta radiation

Ejection of proton equals what type of particulate radiation:

alpha radiation

Mass of a neutron is what?

Proton + electron (+ and - = neutral charge but slightly heavier than proton)

2 rules for electron configuration

1: 2N² → n is the shell number

2: outermost shell can’t hold + 8 electrons (octet rule)

Shell N is considered what?

Principle quantum number

Neutral atoms w/ 8 electrons in outermost shell are considered:

inert (Group 8)C

covalent bonding

most common chemical bonding, short distance relationship, an unpaired electron is shared back and forth

Negative ion

atom gets an extra electron (1 more than how much protons in nucleus)

Positive Ion

atom loses an electron to another molecule or gets ejected from orbit by ionization

Ionic Bonding is considered he ____ type of bonding

strongest

Ionization

gain or loss of an electron by atom

Nucleons

Protons + neutrons (all particles in nucleus)

Nucleon # =

atomic mass (A#)

Isotopes

element with extra/less neutrons but is safe and same element

A# - Z# =

Number of neutrons

Nuclear Fission

spitting of nuclei into smaller nuclear fragmentsN

nuclear fusion

forcing together atomic nuclei to form large nucleus

ground state

no vacuums, no holes, lowest energy state, ideal # neutronstra

transmutation

change of atom to different element due to changing # of protons in nucleus from radioactive decay

How many protons and neutrons are emitted from alpha radiation?

2 protons and 2 neutrons

Radioisotope

radioactive atom due to too many or too few neutrons

Beta Radiation ______ Z# of atom by 1 while the A# remains same.

increases

Gamma Rays

emission does not change Z# or A# of atom only carries away excess energy

Isomer

element in hyper state with too much energy that can emit gamma radiation