Studied by 4 peoplemitosis
nuclear division
cytokenesis
cytoplasm division
somatic cells
body cells
gametes
sex cells
Interphase
takes up 90% of the cell cycle, is the longest part, and is the growth stage
M phase
division stage of cell cycle, includes nuclear and cytoplasm division
G1 phase
First step in interphase; cell growth and prepares for dna replicatation
G0 Phase
when cells no longer divide
S Phase
DNA replication; important in order to have the correct number of chomosomes
G2 Phase
Last part of interphase; last cell growth and prepares for division
Prophase
1st step of mitosis
What stage of mitosis does the chromatin coil tightly and becomes visible as a sister chromatid
prophase
At what stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disappear and centrioles move towards the poles while spindle fibers are forming
prophase
Metaphase
2nd phase of mitosis
When do the spindle fibers attach to the centromere
metaphase
When do the sister chromatid line up in the middle
metaphase
Anaphase
3rd phase of mitosis
When are sister chromatid separated
anaphase
what pulls the sister chromatid apart
spindle fibers attached to the centrioles at the poles
telophase
final phase of mitosis
When is separation of the chromosomes complete
telophase
when do the chromosomes uncoil
telophase
When does the nuclear membrane form again
telophase
cleavage furrow
forms in animal cells during cytokinesis
cell plate
forms in plants during cytokinesis
External signals
outside of the cell, proteins called growth factors can signal a cell to divide
Internal checkpoints
checkpoints that makes sure cells go under proper division
G1 checkpoint
check that the cell has reached the right size
G2 checkpoint
checks to make sure there is the correct number of chromosomes
M checkpoint
checks that all sister chromosomes are attached to the spindle in metaphase
apoptosis
cell death
mass of cells that is growing out of control
tumor
cancer
abnormal division and invading healthy tissues
carcinogen
damages dna and causes mutations and cancer
metastasis
the spread of cancer
meiosis
occurs in reproductive cells
Which cells are diploid and 46 total chromosomes
somatic
which cells are haploid (n) and 23 total chromosomes
gametes
what kind of cells are gametes
sperm and eggs
homologous chromosome
two chromosomes similar in size and shape that make up each pair in human somatic cells
when do tetrads form
prophase 1
when does crossing over during meiosis occur
prophase 1
when do tetrads align in the middle
metaphase
When does meiosis 2 occur
immediately after cytokinesis
how many cells are produced during mitosis
two diploid daughter cells
how many cells are produced during meiosis
four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse
allles
same genes
asexual reproduction
takes 1 parent and the offspring is identical
binary fission (asexual)
many single-celled organisms just divide in half
budding (asexual)
small mass of cells detaches from parent and grows into a separate organisms
vegetative propagation (asexual)
when plant offerings are produced via stems and roots
Fragmentation (asexual)
forming new organisms via a broken piece of the original organism
sexual reproduction
required two organisms and offspring are genetically different
fertilization
the union of a sperm and egg
advantages of sexual production
offspring are genetically different which may help the organism adapt and survive a changing environment
advantages of asexual reproduction
produces a large number of offspring and quickly and requires only one parent
asexual disadvantages
offspring are genetically identical to parent which may limit their ability to survive
sexual disadvantages
produces a lower amount of offspring more slowly and requires two parents
traits
distinct heritable features or characters with different varients
true-breeding
when a plant self pollinates
p gen
the starting generation
f1 gen
offspring of original parents
f2 gen
offspring of offspring
alleles
alternate versions of genes
law of segregation
two alleles for a trait separate and segregate during gamete production and end up in different gametes
two identical alleles for a character
homozygous (rr)
two different alleles for a character
heterozygous (Rr)
Phenotype
what the organism looks like
genotype
genetic make up
monohybrid
1 trait being crossed
dihybrid
2 traits being crossed
Codominance
tow alles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways (roan and spots)
Incomplete dominace
blend of of alleles
multiple alleles
more than two allelic forms (blood type)
pleiotropic
affecting more than one phenotypic character/ affects multiple phenotypes
epistasis
when one gene turns off another
polygenic inheritance
when multiple genes have an influence on phenotype
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive
tay-sachs disease
autosomal recessice
sickle-cell disease
autosomal recessive
huntington’s disease
autosomal dominant
tetrads
instead of sister chromosomes, tetrads for during mitosis and are paired homologous chromosomes
Note 
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