Biomechanics Week 1 Objectives

Anatomical Position

Standing tall, feet forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Fundamental position

Same as anatomical but palms face thighs

Fetal

Curled up (flexed)

Prone

Lying face down

Supine

Lying face up

Mid-axillary

Down middle of armpit

Anterior axillary

Front of armpit line

Posterior axillary

Back of armpit line

Mid-sternal

Middle of chest line

Scapular line

Through shoulder blade line

Mid-inguinal

Middle of groin / hip crease line

Anterior (ventral)

Front

Posterior (dorsal)

Back

Bilateral

right + left sides

inferior (caudal)

towards feet

superior (cephalic / rostral)

Toward head

Contralateral

Opposite side

Ipsilateral

Same side

Deep

Far from surface

Superficial

Close to surface

Distal

Farther from trunk

Proximal

Closer to trunk

Fibular

Outside lower leg

Tibial

Inside lower leg

Lateral

Away from midline

Medial

Toward midline

Palmar (volar)

Palm side of hand

Plantar (volar)

sole of foot

Radial

Thumb side

Ulnar

Pinky side

Scapular plane

~30-45 degrees anterior to frontal plane (natural shoulder motion)

Aneversion

Forward tilt

Retroversion

Backward tilt

Kyphosis

Excess thoracic curve (rounded upper back)

Lordosis

Excess lumber curve (arched low back)

Scoliosis

Side-to-side spinal curve

Recurvatum

Hyperextended knee

Varus

Bowed out

Valgus

knock-kneed

Sagittal Plane

• Right and left halves

• Flexion / extension

• Frontal (Mediolateral, coronal, lateral, bilateral) axis, X-axis

Frontal Plane

• Anterior and posterior haves

• Sagittal (anteroposterior or AP), Z axis

• Abduction / Adduction

Transverse Plane

• Superior / inferior halves

• Vertical (longitudinal or long), Y-axis

• Rotation

Diagonal / Oblique Plane

Combination of movements

Cephalic

Cranial + facial

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Chest

Dorsal

Back

Abdominal

Belly

Pelvic

Hips

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Upper arm

Cubital

Elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Frontal

Popliteal

Back knee

Crural

Lower leg

Axial

Skull, spine, ribs

Appendicular

Arms & legs

Hemopoiesis

Blood cell production

Long Bone

Long cylindrical shaft, wide protruding ends that serve as levers.

• Ex : femur bone

Short Bones

Small cube-shaped, solid bones, usually have a proportionally large articular surface to articulate with more than one bone; Provide shock absorption!

Ex : carpals and tarsals

Flat bones

Curved surface and varying from thick (where tendons attach) to very thin; Provide protection.

• Ex : Sternum, scapula

Irregular Bones

Variety of purposes; Contains bones throughout spine, ischium, pubis and maxilla.

Sesamoid Bones

Small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage.

• In smaller joints of distal extremities (foot, ankle, and hand), ex : patella

Diaphysis

Shaft of a bone

Epiphysis

Ends of a bone

Epiphyseal plate (line)

Growth area of bone

Medullary Cavity

Marrow space in a bone

Compact (cortical)

Dense outer bone

Cancellous (trabecular)

Spongy inside of bone

Periosteum

Outer lining of bone; covering diaphysis

Endosteum

Inner lining of bone; covers inside of cortex

Cortex

Hard, dense, compact bones that forms the diaphysis wall.

Articular cartilage

Covers joint surfaces

Apophysis

Tendon attachment site

Endochondral ossification

Cartilage → bone

Osteoblasts

Build bone

Osteoclasts

Reabsorb old bone

Osteocytes

Maintain bone

Condyle

Large, rounded projection that usually articulates with another bone

• ex : medial or lateral ___ of the femur

Facet

Small, flat or nearly flat surface

• ex : articular ___ of vertebra

Head

Prominent, rounded projection of the proximal end of a bone, usually articulating

• ex : ___ of femur, ___ of humerus

Angle

Bend or protruding angular projection

• Superior and inferior ___ of scapula

Border (margin)

Edge or boundary line of a bone

• ex : lateral and medial ___ of scapula

Crest

Prominent, narrow, ridge-like projection

• ex : iliac ___ of pelvis

Epicondlye

Projection located above a condyle

• ex : medial or lateral ___ of humerus

Line

Ridge of bone less prominent than a crest

• ex : ___a aspera of femur

Process

Any prominent projection

• Acromion ___ of scapula, olecranon ___ of humerus

Ramus

Part of an irregularly shaped bone that is thicked than a process and forms and angle with the main body.

• ex : superior and inferior ramus of pubis

Spine (spinous process)

Sharp, slender projection

• ex : ___ process of vertebra, spine of scapula

Suture

Line of union between bones

• ex : sagittal ___ between parietal bones of skull

Trochanter

Very large projection

• Greater or lesser ___ of femur

Tubercle

Small, rounded projection

• ex : greater and lesser ___ of humerus

Tuberosity

Large, rounded or roughened projection

• ex : radial ___, tibial ___

Facet

Flattened or shallow articulating surface

• Ex : intervertebral ___ in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine

Foramen

Rounded hole or opening in bone

• Obturator ___ in pelvis

Fossa

Hollow, depressed, or flattened surface

• Ex : Supraspinatus ___, iliac ___

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood production

Skeletal Functions