The Mongols + Other needed terms

Mongols

Mongols

Nomadic civilization based in Central Asia that built the largest continuous land empire in history

Genghis Khan

Great Mongol leader that united all the tribes

Temujin

Genghis’s birth name

Khan of All Between the Oceans

what the name Genghis Khan means

pretend defeat, psychological warfare, use of weapons and horses, false fires, felt puppets

Mongol Battle strategies

horses

this animal was domesticated by the Mongols and used for warefare

Jamuka

Mongolian military/political leader; Genghis’s blood brother

anda

blood brother oath, sacred vow, a bond that joins lives as one

tolerance of many religions, creation of Mongols’ first script, support for trade and crafts, creation of legal code.

Four Legacies of Genghis Khan

Uyghur Script

the alphabet adopted by the Mongols after defeating the Uyghurs

they realized every place they conquered had records but they didn’t

Why did the Mongols steal the Uyghur script?

Jasagh

legal code created by Genghis Khan that regulated safety on the silk road.

Barbarian

stereotype created for the Mongols to describe their violence

Pax Mongolica

a time of peace and safety WITHIN Mongolian society

Kublai Khan

Genghis’s grandson that ruled

Northern and Southern Song Dynasties

The two dynasties Kublai Khan united

Yuan Dynasty

The Northern and Southern Song dynasties united; ruled by Kublai Khan

he wanted to rule, not just conquer

How was Kublai different from Genghis

Chinese culture

Kublai Khan was raised with this culture even though he was of different ethnicity

Hatred towards Mongolians is fresh

Why was the Southern Chinese song ranked lower than the Northern Chinese Song

supported

Mongols _____ the peasants and artisans

forced labor for peasants

Negative aspect for peasants in Yuan Dynasty

tax reforms, grain storage, repaired war-torn farmland, prevented nomadic animals from grazing, created farm cooperatives

Positive aspects for Yuan Dynasty

Mongolian people

who was ranked first in Yuan Dynasty

Non-Chinese people

who was ranked second in Yuan Dynasty

Northern Chinese people

who ranked third in Yuan Dynasty

The Grand Canal

Big Public Works project that began under Shi Huangdi but was expanded by Kublai Khan; communication/trade w Beijing

Sinicization

Adapting policies to fit with Chinese culture; making something more Chinese

Benevolent Rule

type of rule where policies and laws are designed to benefit citizens

Benevolent rule

type of rule where policies and laws are designed to benefit citizens

Mongol Identity

loyalty to Mongolian upbringing

feudalism

a system of governance of that relies on the exchange of labor and goods for protection and land

fief

a grant of land in feudalism given in exchange for loyalty or service

vassal

a person who has an obligation to a lord or monarch

serf

a type of peasant bound to serve on the land through debt

caliphate

ruling institution in charge of Islamic empire after Muhammed’s death

caliph

successor to the prophet

Baghdad

capitol of Abbasid caliphate, modern day iraq

Abbasid Caliphate

Overthrows the Umayyad, ruled from Baghdad, Islamic Golden Age

cultural diffusion

when aspects of two cultures blend together and spread

Islamic Golden Age

Islamic empire becomes world’s intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine, mathematics; Due mostly to House of Wisdom

Crusades

series of religious wars between European Christian forces and Muslim Turks over control of the Holy Land

saddle

made with wood and leather, allowed horses to endure weight of rider for long periods of time; provided stability for rider

saddlebags

attached to saddle for storage; contained things like cooking pots, dried meat, yogurt, water bottles and other things needed for long expeditions

stirrup

air of devices attached to each side of a horse's saddle, enabled riders to be steadier and more coordinated while riding

Marco Polo

merchant and explorer from Venice who travelled through Europe and China; wrote about his experiences for both areas

steppes

dry, grassy plains; after fights with their horses Mongolians would race back to their native _____

House of Wisdom

In Islamic Golden age; Place to learn/invent; place for scholars; in Baghdad

Charlemagne

crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope, united western Europe, Charles Martel’s grandson; death led to rise in feudalism

Khara Korum

capital of Mongolia during Genghis Khan period

Centralized power became weak and chaotic

Why did Charlemagne’s death lead to feudalism?

crumble of social pyramid

how did feudalism end?

The Bubonic Plague

killed ¼ of Europeans, weakened peasants

The Magna Carta

signed by King John in 1215; forced to give up some power; weakened king