AP Psychology Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, they arise from an interplay beteeen nature and nurture

Instinct Theory

The theory that identified all kind of bebaviors as instincts. It didnt explain most human motives and there arent a lot of human actions that are actual instincts

Instinct

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidlly patterned through a species

Drive reduction theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensuon state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Incentive

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Optimum arousal theory

The theory that holds that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal. Motivation aims to allow us to complete a task at an ideal level of alertness

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Optimum arousal levels depend on the task, with more difficult tasks requiring lower arousal for best performance.

Abraham Maslow

The creator of the hierarchy of needs

Hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow created this pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. Not everyone agrees with the rigid structure of this

Physiological needs

The first step of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Safety needs

The second step of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe

Belongingness and love needs

The third step of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

Esteem needs

The fourth step of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the need for self esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

Self-actualization needs

The fifth step of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

Self-transcendence needs

The sixth step of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

A L Washburn

He worked with Walter Cannon and swallowed a balloon that measured when his stomach contracted. At the same time he pressed a button whenever he felt hungry. They coincided and showed us that we feels hungry when our stomachs contract

Glucose

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it's level is low, we feel hunger. It is delivered to cells by insulin, and is positively correlated with insulin

Hypothalamus

This part of the brain regulates many of the hormones that cause us to feel hungry or full

Ghrelin

A hunger arousing hormone secreted by the lining of an empty stomach and the pancreas. It's level is also monitored by the hypothalamus

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps transport blood glucose to the cells that need it for energy

Leptin

A protein hormone secreted by fat cells; it is positively correlated with fat stores. When it is abundant it causes the brain to increase the metabolism and decrease hunger. When it is low the hypothalamus initiates feeding

Orexin

A hunger causing hormone secreted by the lateral hypothalamus

PYY

A digestive tract hormone that sends the "I'm not hungry" signal to the brain

Set point

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set, when the body falls below the weight hunger is increased and the metabolic rate is decreased to restore the lost weight. It is influenced in part by heredity. Some debate this idea because this can be "reset" and there are also psychological effects on hunger that this doesn't account for

Basal metabolic rate

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure

True

Part of our decision to eat is influenced by our memory of the last time we ate.

Serotonin

Carbohydrates boost levels of this to calm us down when we are tense or depressed

True

Once we become fat we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it because fat has a lower metabolic rate than muscle does

Hunger

What is the result of external cues such as time of day, sights and smells of food, and being told to clean your plate as well as internal cues such as when our bodies are short on nutrients, and need to maintain our current (not ideal) weight

Walter Cannon

He worked with A L Washburn who swallowed a balloon that measured when his stomach contracted. At the same time he pressed a button whenever he felt hungry. They coincided and showed us that we feels hungry when our stomachs contract

Lateral hypothalamus

This portion of the hypothalamus causes us to feel hungry. If it is stimulated we will eat even if we are well fed and if removed we will not eat at all. It also produces orexin

Ventromedial hypothalamus

This portion of the hypothalamus depresses hunger. If it is stimulated we will not eat and if it is destroyed we will not stop eating

False

The lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus are switched between life a simple on/off switch

True

Genes mostly determine why one person today is heavier than another. Environment determines why people today are heavier than their counterparts 50 years ago

William Masters

He worked with Virginia Johnson to discover the sexual response cycle

Virginia Johnson

She worked with William Masters to discover the sexual response cycle

Sexual response cycle

The four stages of sexual respondency described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Excitement

The first stage of the sexual response cycle where blood rushes and engorged the genitals

Plateau

The second stage of the sexual response cycle where excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

Orgasm

The third stage of the sexual response cycle where muscles contract all over the body and there are further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates

Resolution

The fourth stage of the sexual response cycle where people return to normal and males enter their refractory period

Refractory period

A resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

WHAT

JAKE I DON'T KNOW HOW TO GET RID OF THIS

Sexual dysfunction

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Estrogen

A sex hormone, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, these levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Testosterone

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional amount of this in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male characteristics during puberty

Social bonds

These boosted our early ancestors' chances of survival. It allowed them to reproduce more easily and protect themselves, their offspring, and others more easily. It also made them tougher predators

Insecure anxious attachment

This can be caused by a child growing up without a sense of belonging to anyone and is when they constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection

Insecure avoidance attachment

This can be caused by a child growing up without a sense of belonging to anyone and is when they have feelings of such discomfort over getting close to others that they employ avoidant strategies to maintain their distance

Ostracism

This is also used to punish people and control their societal behavior, which emphasizes how vital social interactions truly are to us

Well-being

When our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with autonomy and competence, we experience an elevated sense of

Emotion

A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Basically emotions are the result of a sequence of events. It assumes there are physical states related to each type of feeling that are distinct from one another and humans can correctly associate and label these physical states as separate emotions

William James

He and Carl Lange worked independently but created the James-Lange Theory

Carl Lange

He and William James worked independently but created the James-Lange Theory

Walter Cannon

He and Philip Bard made the Cannon-Bard Theory

Philip Bard

He and Walter Cannon made the Cannon-Bard Theory

Cannon-Bard theory

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. Basically physiological arousal and our emotional experience/awareness occur at the same time and independently. It combated the preceding theory because the body's responses to emotions are all very similar and changes in heart rate, temperature, and perspiration are too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

Stanley Schachter

He and Jerome Singer made the Two-Factor Thoery

Jerome Singer

He and Stanley Schachter made the Two-Factor Theory

Two-factor theory

The theory that to experience emotion one must be physiologically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. Cognition is important. Emotions are the cause of physical arousal and a cognitive label. Emotions requires an assessment of the situation. Like JLT in that our experience of emotions grow from our awareness of our body's arousal and like CBT in that many emotions are physiologically similar

Robert Zajonc

He said we have many emotional reactions apart from or even before our interpretation of a situation. We don't always think about our emotions before we experience them, as shown by babies who can imitate emotions of adults by 12 days old and can respond to stimuli without taking time to interpret and evaluate them. Some emotions are not clear cut so we do not know what we are feeling

Joseph LeDoux

He says that some emotions travel by way of the "low road" by bypassing the cortex and traveling straight from the sensory organs, to the thalamus, to the amygdala. These tend to be our more simple and immediate emotions. It lets us respond emotionally to things before we think about our emotions and it is fast enough that we may not always be aware of what transpired

Richard Lazarus

He says our brain processes most information without our conscious awareness and some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking. Emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous, whether we truly know it is or not

True

Different emotions do not have sharply distinct biological signatures, nor do they engage sharply distinct brain regions. However, some subtle physiological distinctions and brain patterns distinctions among emotions. Some emotions differ in their brain circuits and activate different areas of the brain's cortex

Polygraph

A machine often used as a lie detector that in reality is only measuring one's physiological changes in response to alertness

True

Most of us read nonverbal cues well, especially nonverbal threats. Experience can sensitize us to particular emotions. We do struggle, howeve,r with detecting deceiving emotions

Introverts

Introverts vs extroverts: these types of people tend to excel at reading others' emotions

Extroverts

Introverts vs extroverts: these types of people tend to be easier to read

Women

Of the genders, who is better at reading emotional cues when provided a "thin slice" of behavior. This contributes to their greater emotional responsiveness, emotional literacy, and empathetic

Anger

The only emotion commonly associated with males is

Gestures

These having meanings that change depending on culture. Yet facial expressions across culture tend to convey the same emotions. However, parts of each expression can indicate the cultural heritage of the person. We interpret expressions differently given the context. We also tend to express emotions differently based on if people are around or not (social influences)

Facial feedback effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Health psychology

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

6

There are how many universal emotions

Anger

There are six universal emotions: what, fear, disgust, surprise, happy, sad

Fear

There are six universal emotions: anger, what, disgust, surprise, happy, sad

Disgust

There are six universal emotions: anger, fear, what, surprise, happy, sad

Surprise

There are six universal emotions: anger, fear, disgust, what, happy, sad

Happy

There are six universal emotions: anger, fear, disgust, surprise, what, sad

Sad

There are six universal emotions: anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happy, what

Achievement

Of our social motives, there is what, affiliation, autonomy, and dominance

Affiliation

Of our social motives, there is achievement, what, autonomy, and dominance

Autonomy

Of our social motives, there is achievement, affiliation, what and dominance

Dominance

Of our social motives, there is achievement, affiliation, autonomy, and what

Achievement motivation

Studied by David McClelland, it is the need to excel, to overcome obstacles, and to outperform others. It correlates with life satisfaction, success in life, and quality of life. Parental support helps this develop in children. People who have a lot of this insist on excellent performances in every task they undertake, prefer very clear feedback, are fast learners, are self-confident, are willing to take on new responsibilities, do not succumb to social pressures, and enjoy opportunities to develop new strategies for tasks.

Moderately difficult tasks

People high in achievement motivation prefer what kind of tasks

Very easy or very difficult tasks

People low in achievement motivation prefer what kind of tasks

Affiliation motivation

The need to be with others in good times or in bad times. Punishment is often in the form of social isolation. This is because social bonds helped our ancestors survive, survival was enhanced by cooperation, and loneliness evolved to warn people they were facing a threat to their survival and needed to repair their social connections.

Set point

Some people argue we have a what for social activity, some prefer a lot of social activity, others prefer to be alone most of the time

David McClelland

The man who studied achievement motivation

Catharsis

In psychology, the idea that releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges. The opposite has been proven true because while venting can allow temporary peace if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious, usually expressing anger serves to breed more anger and provoking further retaliation.

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. The reverse is true as well

Subjective well-being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. It is used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life

True

Over the long run our emotional ups and downs tend to balance out, even through the course of one day. They rise over early morning to middle parts of most days then drop off

False

After people have a bad day, they tend to wake up the next day with an equally bad mood

True

Major disabilities leave people less happy than average. This much happier than able-bodied people with depression

Diminishing returns phenomenon

Experiencing luxury diminishes our savoring of life's simple pleasures. This is why, while having money increases our joy and well-being up to s point, after one has enough money for food and comfort, piling up more and more money matters less and less

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. If our current condition improves, we feel a surge of pleasure, come to consider this new level normal, and require something even better to give us another surge of happiness