anatomy comp 2

Function of Mesentery

Serve as scaffolding for developing gut

Rotation of Small Intestines

270 degrees CCW

Function of Urorectal Septum

Separates Cloaca to make 2 separate openings for urine and feces

Retinoic Acid Deficiency

Condition that leads to un/underdeveloped organs in GI tract, often leading to spontaneous abortions

Rotation of Stomach

90 degrees CW

Esophageal atresia

Condition of failure of the upper and lower parts of the esophagus to connect, preventing food and saliva from reaching the stomach

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Condition of failure of tracheoesophageal septum to completely separate trachea and esophagus

Pancreas Divisum

Condition of pancreatic buds do not fuse, causing the enzymes to be stuck in the small dorsal duct. Intense pain

Duodenal Stenosis/Atresia

Condition of Duodenum does nor recanalize properly via cell apoptosis in embryological development, leading to small/blocked opening

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Condition of vitteline duct not obliterating properly after pulling small intestines into position. Stays as fibrous strand, can constrict intestines or differentiate into rogue incorrect cells (eg Stomach cells that produce HCl and cause ulcers)

Intestinal Malrotation

Condition that is mostly asymptomatic but can cause heavy vomiting or abdominal pain

Ischemic Colitis

Condition of low blood pressure at watershed areas, leading to stopped blood flow or extensive vasoconstriction

Pyloric stenosis

Condition of stomach not properly emptying into the duodenum, leading to non-bilious projectile vomiting. More common in brothers than sisters

Watershed Areas

Blood supply overlapping at the ends of terminal vessels

Appendicitis

Condition of inflammation, starts w/ umbilical pain and moves to McBurney point

Peritonitis

Condition of inflammation due to infection or rupture of abdominal organs

Nonrotation

Condition of small intestines failing to rotate inwards, remaining entirely on patient’s right side with entire large Intestines on patient’s left side

Hyper Rotation

Condition of ileum and cecum on patient’s left side due to excessive rotation

Reversed Rotation

Condition of large intestines sitting posterior to small intestines due to incorrect rotation

Ladd’s Bands

Condition of out of place dorsal mesentery interfering with downward growth of ascending colon

Corkscrew Sign

Condition of duodenum and jejunum spiraling around one another

Volvulus

Condition of ascending colon spiraling around small intestines, leading to constriction. Symptoms include bilious vomiting and recurrent, diffuse abdominal pain

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Most effective method of diagnosing Pancreas divisum, but very expensive, invasive, and dangerous (5% surgical complication rate)

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

Less accurate method of diagnosing Pancreas divisum, but less expensive, noninvasive, and safer

Cholelithiasis

Condition of gallstones forming in gallbladder and often get stuck in bile duct

Nephrolithiasis

Condition of kidney stones forming and may get lodged in ureter

# of Anterior Palpation Locations in Respiratory Physical Exam

3

# of Posterior Palpation Locations in Respiratory Physical Exam

4

# of Anterior Percussion Locations in Respiratory Physical Exam

6

# of Posterior Percussion Locations in Respiratory Physical Exam

7

Cryptococcus is commonly found in:

pigeon droppings

Histoplasma is commonly found in:

bat/bird droppings

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Allergic reaction/Histamine response to fungi without infection

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

T-Cell Mediated/Cytokine Mediated Response to Fungal Infection

Candida is unique in that it is:

most common pathogenic fungi

Cryptococcus is unique in that it is:

only fungi with capsule

Blastomycosis is unique in that it is:

contracted via soil inhalation

Aspergillus is unique in that it is:

known to outbreak in hospitals especially during construction

Pneumocystis is unique in that it is:

may be part of normal flora

Histoplasma is endemic to:

Central and Eastern US

Coccidioides is endemic to:

Southwest US

Blastomycosis is endemic to:

North America

Dermatophytes are unique in that they are:

only contagious fungi (can be spread from person to person)

Candida affects patient via:

GI, upper respiratory, mouth, and vagina. Causes Oral Thrush

Cryptococcus affects patient via:

lungs are main site of infection

Histoplasma affects patient via:

presents as yeast at body temperature

Coccidioides affects patient via:

Inhalation of spores

Coccidioides affects patient via:

Upon soil inhalation, can spread to other organs, skin, and bone

Pneumocystis affects patient via:

Pneumonia in AIDS patients

Function of hyphae

stretch out fungi and absorb nutrients/spread spores

Septate hyphae

Contain segmented septum with pores (eg Penicillium)

Nonseptate hyphae

Contain continuous septum lacking divisions or pores (eg Rhizopus)

Subcutaneous Mycoses

Fungi that reside in soil or vegetation, e.g. Sporothrix

Systemic Mycoses

Fungi that reside in spores that are inhaled from the soil, e.g. Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Mucomycosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Coccidioidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis

Polyenes

Antifungal that binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane. E.g. Amphotericin B (broad spectrum), Nystatin (topical)

Azoles

Antifungal that inhibits ergosterol synthesis, disrupting the fungal cell membrane. E.g. Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Miconazole (topical)

Flucytosine

Antifungal that acts as a pyrimidine analogue that interferes with fungal DNA and RNA synthesis

Griseofulvin

Antifungal that disrupts cytoskeleton of fungi cells

Terbinafine

Antifungal that induces deficiency of ergosterol, disrupting cell membrane's structure and function

Echinocandins

Antifungal that inhibits glucan synthesis, leading to a weakened cell wall. E.g. Caspofungin, Micafungin

Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)

Antifungal mechanism that targets specific fungal antigens, enhancing immune response

+ sense ssRNA

Viral RNA that can be translated directly into protein via host cell machinery

- sense ssRNA

Viral RNA that must be translated first to + sense ssRNA before translation into protein via host cell machinery

Translocation

Chromosomal abnormality in which piece of one chromosome breaks off and ends up on another chromosome

Polyploidy

Chromosomal abnormality in which patient has more than normal 2 sets of chromosomes

Klinefelter Syndrome

Condition in which patient presents with XXY chromosome

Symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome

Taller, sterile, 30% gynecomastia

Turner Syndrome

Condition in which patient presents with Monosomy X. 60-80% absence of paternal X

Symptoms of Turner Syndrome

Intelligence diminished, ovarian failure

Symptoms of Trisomy X

Less severe. Mild language skill reduction with no physical abnormalities

Symptoms of XYY

Taller stature, reduced IQ, increased chance of ADD/ADHD

Cri-du-chat

Condition in which patient has 5p deletion

Symptoms of Cri-du-chat

Low IQ, microcephaly, potentially cardiac/neurological malformations

Williams Syndrome

Condition in which patient has deletion on chromosome 7

Symptoms of Williams Syndrome

Distinctive facial features, mild intellectual disability, overly sociable personality

Prader-Willi syndrome

Condition in which patient has deletion on chromosome 15

Symptoms of Prader-Willi Syndrome

obesity, Poor muscle tone, distinct facial features, underdeveloped genitals

Nondisjunction

Chromosomal abnormality in which chromosomes fail to seperate in Meiosis

Patau Syndrome

Condition in which patient presents with Trisomy 13

Edwards Syndrome

Condition in which patient presents with Trisomy 18

Down Syndrome

Condition in which patient presents with Trisomy 21

Symptoms of Patau Syndrome

Cleft Palate, microcephaly, CNS defects, mental disabilities

Symptoms of Edwards Syndrome

Distinct facial features, overlapped fingers, developmental delay

Symptoms of Down Syndrome

Increased risk of early onset Alzheimers

Uniparental Disomy

Chromosomal abnormality in which patient receives 2 copies of chromosome, or part, from one parent and none from other parent

Isodisomy

Chromosomal abnormality in which patient inherits 2 identical copies of single chromosome from same parent, unmasks recessive genes

Heterodisomy

Chromosomal abnormality in which patient inherit2 2 different homologous chromosomes from same parent

Balanced Translocation

Chromosomal abnormality in which translocation occurs without loss or gain of genetic material (E.g. Philadelphia Chromosome)

Unbalanced Translocation

Chromosomal abnormality in which translocation occurs with part of chromosome transferred to another chromosome without reciprocal exchange

Robertsonian Translocation

Fusion of two acrocentric (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) chromosomes at centromere, creating one large chromosome and gene-poor fragment

Philadelphia Chromosome

Chromosomal abnormality in which translocation occurs between chromosomes 9 and 22, often causes Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

Angelman Syndrome

Chromosomal abnormality in which patient experiences Uniparental Disomy of UBE3A gene on Chromosome 15 (2 copies from father, no copy from mother)

PCR

Technique in which DNA is exponentially amplified using thermostable DNA Polymerases

Southern Blot

Technique in which DNA sample is separated based on fragment size via gel electrophoresis

Northern Blot

Technique in which RNA sample is separated based on fragment size via gel electrophoresis

Western Blot

Technique in which Protein sample is separated based on fragment size via gel electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis

Technique in which current is run through genetic sample (eg DNA, RNA, Protein) and size is assessed based on how quick it passed through gel

Direct ELISA

Technique based on ELISA in which primary antibody directly attaches to substrate

Indirect ELISA

Technique based on ELISA in which secondary antibody attaches to primary antibody, which then attaches to substrate

Sanger Sequencing

Technique in which primers are used to expand DNA sequence while adding dNTPs. Then electrophoresis is used to spread it out and read sequence