Week 11 - Learning Perspective

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association of stimuli.

Reflex

Existing connection between stimulus and response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Initially neutral stimulus that gains significance.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Before Conditioning

Only reflex exists with US and UR.

During Conditioning

CS paired with US to create CR.

Testing Conditioning

Present CS alone to check for CR.

Generalization

Responding similarly to similar stimuli.

Discrimination

Responding differently to distinct stimuli.

Higher Order Conditioning

Using a conditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

Frequency of Pairing

More pairings increase likelihood of conditioning.

Strength of US

Strong US can condition with one pairing.

Example of Conditioning

Jello causing nausea illustrates conditioning.

Conditioning Evidence

CR indicates successful conditioning has occurred.

Response Intensity

CR is similar but less intense than UR.

Stimulus Timing

CS must precede US for effective conditioning.

Complementary Processes

Generalization leads to discrimination in learning.

Learning Examples

Tying shoes, riding bikes, skiing illustrate learning.

Rules of Learning

Understanding rules aids in learning processes.

Extinction

Weakening of conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of conditioned response after extinction.

Emotional Conditioning

Classical conditioning involving emotional reactions as conditioned responses.

Avoidance Motivation

Motivation to avoid negative stimuli, like the color red.

Personality Development

Likes and dislikes formed through conditioning experiences.

Instrumental Conditioning

Active learning process where behaviors are influenced by consequences.

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are repeated.

Habit Hierarchy

Order of responses based on past reinforcement experiences.

Reinforcement

Strengthens behavior by providing satisfying outcomes.

Reinforcers

Events that increase likelihood of preceding behaviors.

Primary Reinforcers

Directly satisfy biological needs like hunger or thirst.

Secondary Reinforcers

Gained value through association with primary reinforcers.

Punisher

Unpleasant outcomes that decrease preceding behavior likelihood.

Primary Punishers

Aversive events that are intrinsically unpleasant.

Secondary Punishers

Aversive due to association with primary punishers.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.

Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior likelihood.

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior likelihood.

Color Impact on Performance

Red color negatively affects test takers' performance.

Emotional Arousal Patterns

Individual differences in emotional responses to stimuli.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding pain to reduce unwanted behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Withdrawing something good to discourage behavior.

Time Out

Temporary removal from positive reinforcement.

Discriminative Stimulus

Stimulus that influences behavior occurrence.

Stimulus Control

Behavior cued by discriminative stimuli.

Contextual Cues

Changes in situation alter behavior cues.

Generalization

Applying learned behaviors across different settings.

Extinction

Behavior fades when no longer reinforced.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement provided every time behavior occurs.

Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcement given only some of the time.

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Partially reinforced behaviors resist extinction.

Social Learning

Learning by observing others' behaviors.

Cognitive Learning Theory

Focus on mental processes in learning.

Social Reinforcement

Acceptance and attention from others as rewards.

Self-Reinforcement

Reinforcing oneself after achieving a goal.

Self-Punishment

Reacting negatively to one's own behavior.

Vicarious Emotional Arousal

Experiencing emotions indirectly through others.

Behavior Acquisition

Learning behaviors faster with continuous reinforcement.

Adjustment Period

Time needed to adapt to new teaching methods.

Training Cues

Using signals to guide behavior in training.

Behavioral Tendencies

Patterns of behavior influenced by reinforcement.

Empathy

Sharing another's emotional experience, less intensely.

Sympathy

Feeling concern for someone else's suffering.

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

Learning through observing others' emotional responses.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning by observing others rewarded for behavior.

Outcome Expectancy

Mental model linking actions to potential reinforcers.

Reinforcer

Stimulus that strengthens behavior tendencies.

Efficacy Expectancy

Confidence in ability to perform desired actions.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's capability to execute behaviors.

Public Speaking Efficacy

Confidence affects performance in speaking engagements.

Relapse Prediction

Efficacy influences likelihood of drug use relapse.

Role of Awareness

Conditioning requires awareness of unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response

Response triggered by conditioned stimulus after learning.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others perform actions.

Attention in Learning

Focus is crucial for effective observational learning.

Retention

Memory representation of observed behaviors.

Imaginal Coding

Creating mental images of observed actions.

Verbal Coding

Describing observed actions to oneself mentally.

Production

Ability to replicate learned behaviors.

Learning Sequences

Remembering order aids in learning and recall.

Model Characteristics

Attractiveness and power enhance observational learning.

Aversive Event Expectation

Anticipating negative outcomes can trigger responses.

Therapeutic Efficacy

Restoring efficacy enhances problem-solving abilities.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others' actions and consequences.

Bandura's Experiment

Children imitated aggression towards an inflated doll.

Acquisition

Learning behaviors through incentives and reinforcement.

Symbolic Models

Aggressive behaviors observed in media influence actions.

Behavior Potential

Possibility of performing learned behaviors from observation.

Desensitization

Reduced emotional response from repeated exposure to violence.

Behavior Modification

Therapeutic techniques to change maladaptive behaviors.

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure to phobias while learning relaxation.

Counterconditioning

Replacing undesired responses with opposite or neutral responses.

Anxiety Hierarchy

List of feared stimuli ranked by intensity.

Exposure Treatments

Directly confronting feared stimuli to reduce anxiety.

Flooding

Immediate exposure to the most feared stimulus.

Contextual Cues

Environmental triggers that elicit cravings or responses.

Contingency Management

Reinforcement strategies to encourage desired behaviors.

Shaping Behavior

Gradually reinforcing behaviors towards a desired goal.