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Medical Imaging Procedures

Use of X-ray, CT, MRI, and ultrasound to visualize internal structures, diagnose fractures, tumors, hemorrhages, organ damage, and soft tissue abnormalities

Cystic Fibrosis and Chloride Channels

Thick mucus buildup in lungs and pancreas, defective chloride ion transport causing impaired breathing, digestive issues, and increased infection risk

Tay-Sachs Disease

Progressive neurodegeneration in infancy, accumulation of fatty material in nerve cells, loss of motor skills, paralysis, blindness, deafness, and early death

MELAS and Mitochondria

Muscle weakness, lactic acid buildup, seizures, stroke-like episodes, brain pathology, developmental delays, fatigue, and high mortality

Stem Cells

Ability to self-renew and differentiate, used in tissue repair and regeneration, potential treatment for degenerative diseases

Gangrene

Tissue death due to loss of blood supply, discoloration, pain, foul odor, infection, tissue decay, and risk of systemic illness

Tissue Transplantation

Replacement of damaged tissue, risk of immune rejection, need for immunosuppressive therapy, restoration of organ or tissue function

Tattoos

Permanent pigment deposits in dermis, potential scarring, difficulty of removal, possible immune or inflammatory responses

Acne and Acne Treatments

Clogged sebaceous glands, comedones, pustules, nodules, cysts, inflammation, possible scarring

Burns

Tissue damage from heat or chemicals, pain, blistering, fluid loss, infection risk, classified as first, second, or third degree

Psoriasis

Chronic autoimmune skin disease, thick scaly plaques, redness, itching, cracking, bleeding, abnormal skin cell proliferation

Osteitis Deformans

Excessive bone breakdown and formation, enlarged and weakened bones, deformities, bone pain, increased fracture risk

Forensic Anthropology: Determining Age at Death

Analysis of bone fusion and skeletal markers to estimate age, changes in epiphyseal plates over time

Achondroplastic Dwarfism

Shortened limbs, normal trunk size, enlarged head, normal intelligence, impaired cartilage growth

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency, soft and weak bones, bowed legs, bone pain, delayed growth, skeletal deformities

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone density, porous bones, increased fracture risk, height loss, spinal compression fractures

Craniosynostosis and Plagiocephaly

Premature fusion of skull sutures, abnormal head shape, potential brain growth restriction

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

Incomplete fusion of facial structures, difficulty feeding, speech problems, increased infection risk

Herniated Discs

Displacement of intervertebral disc material, nerve compression, back pain, numbness, weakness

Scaphoid Fractures

Wrist pain and swelling, limited motion, poor blood supply leading to delayed healing

Pathologies of the Foot

Structural deformities, altered gait, pain, impaired balance and mobility

“Cracking Knuckles”

Release of gas bubbles from synovial fluid, audible popping, no proven joint damage

Shoulder Joint Dislocations

Displacement of humeral head, pain, instability, reduced range of motion

Subluxation of the Head of the Radius

Partial dislocation in children, arm pain, refusal to use arm, limited movement

Knee Ligaments and Cartilage Injuries

Joint instability, swelling, pain, reduced mobility, increased risk of arthritis

Ankle Sprains

Ligament stretching or tearing, swelling, bruising, pain, instability

Arthritis

Joint inflammation, pain, stiffness, reduced range of motion, cartilage degeneration