US History II- Final Exam

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9/11

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

Alfred Beveridge

He was an idealist who had the idea of social darwinism. He creates the big and best society in the 1880s-1900s in Central/South America. He did this with a plan to fix democracy.

Alfred T. Mahan

Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

America First

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Anti-War Movement

this was a protest movement that grew, especially on college campuses, during the Vietnam War

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Arsenal of Democracy

Referred to America's Ability to supply its European allies with war supplies prior to the U.S. entry into WWII.

automobile industry

Stimulated highway construction, petroleum production, and other related industries.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Beatniks

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Bootleggers

liquor smugglers

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Brown v. Board

Outlawed segregation in schools; overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson

buying on margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Criticisms of the New Deal

left wing: Not enough government involvement, taxes should be places on the wealthy, government should control the banks

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Dropping of the atomic bomb

During the final steps of World War II in 1945, the US under President Truman, conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan .

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

Economic reasons

issues relating to how people make money for their families; the production of goods and services

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

Emmet Till

(August, 1955) Chicago Boy, 14 years old. Visiting family in Mississippi. At candy Store, Emmet says "Bye, baby," to the girl at the counter. Emmet is brutally murdered by 2 brothers, who confess to the crime and are aquitted.

ERA Amendment

that was proposed in 1982 that would give equality of rights regardless of sex,Congress passed it but it was never ratified by the states

Espionage Act

1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

an agency developed by the federal government to regulate banking and and investment activivties

Financial Crisis of 2008

a significant economic downturn that began with the housing mortgage market and ultimately led to high unemployment

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Flapper Movement

1920s; youth movement; sexual expression; increased interest in birth control

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Great Society

a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

Gulf of Tonkin

Incident in 1964 that President Johnson used to justify increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Claim was that two U.S. ships had been attacked.

Hippies

Young people who rebelled against the mainstream culture of the 1960s

Holocaust

a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States

Immigration Quotas

Limitations on immigration that were passed by the U.S. government that established preferred immigration of those who were thought to be more "capable" and capable of success in the United States, while limited the immigration of those who were deemed "unnecessary."

Interstate Highway System

a network of high-speed roads built to make interstate travel faster and easier

Iran Hostage Crisis

a group of Iranians overran the American embassy in Iran's capital of Tehran and took 52 hostages

Iran-Contra Scandal

A major scandal of Reagan's second term that involved shipping arms to Iran to free hostages and diverting the money from the sale of these weapons to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Island Hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942; upheld by Korematsu v. US

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Lend-Lease

allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S."

Little Rock 9

1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used the military to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision

MAIN causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Military reasons

The US wanted to get naval bases around the world

MLK Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

NATO/Warsaw Pact

Agreement between West European states to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked. the Warsaw Pact was the military alliance including all Communist states

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Nuclear Arms Treaties

LTBT, SALT I, SALT II

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

organized crime

a business supplying illegal goods or services

Pacific Islands

Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Patriot Act

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Pentagon Papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Reagan Revolution

attempt to return America to the traditional values of church, family, and free enterprise

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists

Relief, Recovery, Reform

the three goals of FDR's New Deal.

Rise of Dictators

because all of the desperation and depression, it was very easy for dictators to seize power.

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Sacco and Venzetti

two men wrongly- accused of murder and robbery because they were radical anarchists immigrants, finally sentenced to death in 1927

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Sinking of the Lusitania

Cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Social Security

federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people

soup kitchens and bread lines

places that provided free food during the great depression

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Spy Cases

Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War (circa 1947-1991) between the West (chief US, UK and NATO allies) and the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and aligned countries of Warsaw Pact).