Biology IB: classification/taxonomy

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Credit to bioninja for many of these definitions! Access the webpage at: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/53-classification-of-biodiv/

32 Terms

1

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc are types of…

Taxa

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2

What are the three domains?

Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea

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3

What are the four types of Eukaryota?

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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4

What is convergent evolution?

Distantly-related organisms appear more similar than they really are (based on appearances) due to evolution coming up with the same feature independently multiple times

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5

Give an example of convergent evolution

Koalas and most primates have very similar thumbs despite being very distantly related

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6

What is the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure?

Homologous structures are similar because species share a common ancestor, analogous structures are similar because evolution has come up with the same ‘idea‘ multiple times

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7

What are the molecular features of bacteria?

Introns are rare or absent, cell walls made of peptidoglycan, DNA is not associated with histones

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8

What are the molecular features of archaea?

Proteins similar to histones are bound to DNA, some introns present, cell walls not made of peptidoglycan

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9

What are the molecular features of eukaryota?

Histones are present, introns are frequent, cell walls (when present) are not made of peptidoglycan

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10

What is a mnemonic that you could use to remember the order of classification?

Does (Domain) Kenneth (Kingdom) Play (Phylum) Classical (Class) Or (Order) Folk (Family) Guitar (Genus) Songs (Species)

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11

What is the name of the flow diagram used to sort organisms?

A dichotomous key

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12

What are some advantages of natural classifications?

  • Identification of species is easier

  • Prediction of similar characteristics within a group (for example, if a useful chemical is found in one plant species, it is likely to also be found in other species in the same genus)

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13

What phylum do humans belong to?

Chordata (ie. vertebrae, we have a backbone)

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14

Fish

  • Covered in scales made out of bony plates in the skin

  • Reproduce via external fertilisation (egg and sperm released into the environment)

  • Breathe through gills that are covered with an operculum

  • Does not maintain a constant internal body temperature (ectothermic)

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15

Amphibians

  • Moist skin, permeable to gases and water

  • Reproduce via external fertilisation (usually spend larval state in water, adult state on land)

  • Can breathe through skin but also possess simple lungs

  • Do not maintain a constant internal body temperature (ectothermic)

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16

Reptiles

  • Covered in scales made out of keratin

  • Reproduce via internal fertilisation and females lay eggs with soft shells

  • Breathe through lungs that have extensive folding (increases SA:Vol ratio)

  • Do not maintain a constant internal body temperature (ectothermic)

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17

Birds

  • Covered in feathers (made out of keratin)

  • Reproduce via internal fertilisation and females lay eggs with hard shells

  • Breathe through lungs with parabronchial tubes

  • Maintain a constant internal body temperature (endothermic)

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18

Mammals

  • Skin has follicles which produce hair made out of keratin

  • Reproduce via internal fertilisation and females feed young with milk from mammary glands

  • Breathe through lungs with alveoli

  • Maintain a constant internal body temperature (endothermic)

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19

What is a clade?

A group of organisms that share a common ancestor

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20

What is a cladogram?

A tree diagram showing the similarities and differences between different species

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21

What is a node?

A speciation event when a common ancestor turns into two or more species

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22

Bryophyta (a plant phylum)

  • Has no vascularisation (i.e. lacks xylem and phloem)

  • Has no ‘true’ leaves, roots or stems (are anchored by a root-like structure called a rhizoid)

  • Reproduce by releasing spores from sporangia (reproductive stalks)

  • Examples include mosses and liverworts

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23

Filicinophyta (a plant phylum)

  • Has vascularisation (i.e xylem and phloem)

  • Have leaves, roots and stems (leaves are pinnate – consisting of large fronds divided into leaflets)

  • Reproduce by releasing spores from clusters called sori on the underside of the leaves

  • Examples include ferns

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24

Angiospermophyta (a plant phylum)

  • Has vascularisation

  • Have leaves, roots and stems (individual species may be highly variable in structure)

  • Reproduce by seeds produced in ovules within flowers (seeds may develop in fruits)

  • Examples include all flowering plants and grasses

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25

Coniferophyta (a plant phylum)

  • Has vascularisation

  • Have leaves, roots and stems (stems are woody and leaves are waxy and needle-like)

  • Reproduce by non-motile gametes (seeds) which are found in cones

  • Examples include pine trees and conifers

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26

Porifera (animal phylum)

  • No body symmetry (asymmetrical)

  • No mouth or anus (have pores to facilitate the circulation of material)

  • May have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules for structural support

  • Examples include sea sponges

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27

Cnidaria (animal phylum)

  • Have radial symmetry

  • Have a mouth but no anus (single entrance body cavity)

  • May have tentacles with stinging cells for capturing and disabling prey

  • Examples include jellyfish, sea anemones and coral

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28

Platyhelmintha (animal phylum)

  • Have bilateral symmetry

  • Have a mouth but no anus (single entrance body cavity)

  • Have a flattened body shape to increase SA:Vol ratio and may be parasitic

  • Examples include tapeworms and planaria

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29

Annelida (animal phylum)

  • Have bilateral symmetry

  • Have a separate mouth and anus

  • Body composed of ringed segments with specialisation of segments

  • Examples include earthworms and leeches

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30

Mollusca (animal phylum)

  • Have bilaterial symmetry

  • Have a separate mouth and anus

  • Body composed of a visceral mass, a muscular foot and a mantle (may produce shell)

  • Examples include snails, slugs, octopi, squid and bivalves (e.g. clams)

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31

Arthropoda (animal phylum)

  • Have bilateral symmetry

  • Have a separate mouth and anus

  • Have jointed body sections / appendages and have a hard exoskeleton (chitin)

  • Examples include insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions and centipedes

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32

Chordata (animal phylum)

  • Have bilateral symmetry

  • Have a separate mouth and anus

  • Have a notochord and a hollow, dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their life cycle

  • Examples include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish (also invertebrate sea squirts)

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