Renal and Hepatic Diseases Review

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to renal and hepatic diseases, providing definitions that will aid in understanding the subject matter for an upcoming exam.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering waste products and excess water from the blood.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A hormone that regulates water balance in the body by controlling the excretion of water from the kidneys.

Azotemia

The accumulation of nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and creatinine, in the blood.

Uremia

A syndrome caused by excess nitrogenous waste in the blood, leading to symptoms such as weakness and nausea.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidney, used to assess kidney function.

Oliguria

Low urine output, typically defined as less than or equal to 500 mL per day.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A condition characterized by edema, high levels of proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated lipids in the blood.

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)

Irreversible damage to kidney tissue leading to the gradual loss of renal function.

Hepatitis

An inflammation of the liver often caused by viral infection, drugs, or toxins.

Cirrhosis

A chronic liver disease characterized by the replacement of liver tissue with fibrous tissue and impaired liver function.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, which can be acute or chronic, leading to abdominal pain and digestive issues.

Gallstones

Solid particles that form in the gallbladder, often causing pain and digestive problems.

Dumping Syndrome

A condition that occurs when food moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine, leading to symptoms like dizziness and diarrhea.

Enteral Nutrition

A method of feeding that delivers nutrients directly into the digestive tract.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

A method of feeding that provides nutrition intravenously, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

A condition resulting from a deficiency of protein and energy intake, common in patients with liver disease.