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Democracy
Government "of, for, and by the people"; government in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives; rule by the ruled.
Majority rule
The principle of making decisions based on the preferences of the majority.
Rule of the people
The concept that political power should be held by the common people.
Requirements of democracy
Educated citizen, intellectual freedom, economic security, majority rule, freedom to form political parties, popular agreement that democracy will work, the individual is considered important.
Geographic setting
Greece is in Southern Europe, surrounded by seas (Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea), bordered by Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, and Turkey.
Minoan Civilization (2000-1400 BCE)
Ancient civilization found on the island of Crete, known for religious rituals, dancing, and athletic exhibitions.
Mycenaean Civilization (c
Flourished in mainland Greece, coined by Heinrich Schliemann, associated with the Trojan War.
Dark Ages (c
Period of decline and instability in Greece, marked by attacks from invaders and the end of Mycenaean power.
Age of Homer
Greeks relied on the spoken word, produced great bards like Homer, heroism was valued.
Classical Period (750-300 BCE)
Greeks rediscovered the arts of civilization, engaged in long-range trade, developed political institutions based on rationality and equality.
Citizenship
Membership in a polis (city-state), participation in political and religious activities, acceptance of laws, right to own land (extended only to males).
Political Institutions
Assembly or ecclesia, Agora (marketplace) for discussions, Areopagus (Council of Elders), archons (state officials).
Political Rights
Belief in rational thinking and freedom of thought, speech, and action.
Infantry Phalanx
Military technique and organization developed by the Greeks, heavily armored infantry in a close-order battle formation.
Olympic Games
Panhellenic Games held in Olympia, featured various events including the Pentathlon and later expanded to include stade, dolichos, wrestling, boxing, chariot race, horse race, and pankration.
Heraean Games
Games held exclusively for women, limited to sprint races shorter in distance than those for men.
Olympic Truce
Initially observed for one month, later extended to three months.
Roman Emperor Theodosius
Abolished the Games in 393 BCE, Olympics resumed in 1896 and continue to be held every four years.
Greek Religion
Polytheistic with twelve principal gods known as the Olympian gods.
Mount Olympus
Believed to be the palace of Zeus, where the Olympian gods were believed to live.
Poseidon
God of the sea.
Zeus
Father of the gods, sky god, lord of justice and universal order.
Dionysus
God of wine.
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty.
Apollo
God of reason and intellect, medicine and music.
Hermes
Messenger of the gods.
Hera
Goddess of marriage, wife of Zeus.
Athena
Goddess of wisdom and handicraft.
Artemis
Goddess of chastity, the Moon, and the hunt.
Demeter
Goddess of agriculture.
Hephaestus
God of fire and metalcraft.
Oracle
A medium, often a Pythian priestess, who gave ambivalent answers that could be interpreted in different ways.
Oracle at Delphi
The most famous oracle, located at the temple of Apollo on the southern slope of Mount Parnassus.
Hellenic Age
Greek colonization and commercial expansion.
Barbarophonoi
Anyone who could not speak Greek was considered a barbarian.
Panhellenic Games
Brought Greeks together in pursuit of the same virtues and ideals.
Magna Graecia
Colonies established by the Greeks in Southern Italy, Sicily, Southern France, Southern Spain, and North Africa.
Athenian Democracy
Rule of the people, based on equality and freedom.
Solon
Introduced political reforms in Athens, including mandatory attendance and participation in the Assembly.
Pisistratus and Hippias
Tyrants who ruled Athens.
Cleisthenes
Reformer who established new political institutions in Athens.
Sparta
A "Police State" where the interests of the state took precedence over individual rights.
Lycurgus
Important leader who created the laws that shaped Sparta as an authoritarian state.
Three Social Classes in Sparta
Spartiates, Perioeci, and Helots.
Spartan Army
Large and strong hoplite army made up of full-rank citizens who were prohibited from having any other profession except being a soldier.
Homoioi
Spartiates were considered "equals" because they each received a land allotment and had one vote in the Assembly.
Persian Wars
Series of conflicts between the Persians and the Greeks, starting with the Persian conquest of the Ionian peninsula.
Pericles
Strengthened Athenian democracy, built a commercial empire, and oversaw the construction of the Parthenon.
Golden Age of Athens
Period of Athenian ascendancy and cultural achievements.
Peloponnesian Wars
Wars between Athens and Sparta, resulting in the decline of Athens and the reassertion of Greek states' independence.
Greek Philosophy
The belief in an orderly universe governed by constant and absolute laws, which could be understood through reason.
Sophists
Lecturers on culture, rhetoric, and politics who used bogus reasoning in their arguments to win rather than discover the truth.
Socrates
Greek philosopher who believed that true knowledge could be gained through dialogue and systematic questioning.
Aristotle
Tutor of Alexander the Great, advocated reason as the primary tool for discovering knowledge and developed the concept of syllogism.
Alexander the Great
Macedonian king who created one of the greatest empires in history, conquering lands from Asia Minor to India.
Epicureanism
Philosophy that pursued human happiness through freedom from pain and the enjoyment of simple pleasures.
Stoicism
Philosophy that found happiness in accepting the laws of the universe and advocated virtue over pleasure.
Eratosthenes
Estimated the earth's circumference, known as the "Father of Geometry."
Archimedes
Calculated the value of pi, developed principles of the lever and pulley.
Pythagoras
Formulated the Pythagorean theorem in geometry.
Democritus
Formulated the first atomic theory.
Hippocrates
Greek physician known as the "Father of Medicine," believed in maintaining health through cleanliness and moderation.
Herodotus
Known as the "Father of History," wrote about the Persian Wars.
Thucydides
Wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars, considered the creator of objective historical science.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
Tragedians of ancient Greece.
Aristophanes
Greatest comedy writer of ancient Greece.
Phidias
Sculptor known for works in the Parthenon and representations of Zeus and Athena.
Polycleitus
Sculptor known for proportion and rhythm in his works.