ch 21 the reproductive system

gametes

reproductive cells

ovum

female sex cell

sperm

male sex cell

asexual reproduction

requires only one parent

zygote

new offspring cell

male gonads

testes, produce sperm

male ducts

passageways that carry from testes to exterior

sex glands (male)

produce protective and nutrient solution for sperm

external male genitals

penis and scrotum

tunica albuginea

white fibrous capsule on testes

lobules

when testis are divided into sections

seminiferous tubule

coiled structure where sperm are produced through spermatinogensis

interstitial cells

responsible for producing testosterone

testosterone

plays a role in muscle mass, body hair, deepening voice, maintains libido, supports sperm production

spermatogenesis

sperm production, occurs in seminiferous tubules

spermatogonia

stem cells

meiosis

produces primary spermatocytes, which divide to form spermatids

spermatids

have 23 chromosomes, undergo maturation to become spermatoza

spermatoza

mature sperm cells

head of sperm

contains genetic material

acrosome

cap-like structure with enzymes that help sperm penetrate ovum

midpiece of sperm

packed with mitochondria for energy

tail of sperm

flagellum, enable motility

semen

fluid mixture composed of sperm cells and secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate and bulbourethral glands

epididymis

where sperm mature, coiled tube, lies along the top and behind the testis

vas deferens

receives sperm from epididymis and then from scrotum through the abdominal cavity, joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicles

contributes to 60% of semen volume

ejaculatory ducts

pass through the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles to the urethra.

prostate gland

contributes to 30% of semen volume

bulbourethral glands

cowper, secretes pre-ejaculate, lubricates urethra, neutralizes residual acidic urine

male urethra

final pathway for semen during ejaculation

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

3 segments of male urethra

external urethral orifice

semen exist through the tip of the penis

corpus cavernosa

two dorsal columns of erectile tissue

corpus spongiosum

one ventral column surrounding urethra

prepuce

foreskin

female gonads

ovaries

fallopian tubes

carry eggs from ovaries to uterus, fertilization occurs here

uterus

hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into and fetus

breasts

responsible for producing milk to nourish a new born

vulva

consists of mons pubis, clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, external urinary meatus, hymen, opening of vestibular gland ducts, opening of vagina

ovaries

attached to ligaments in pelvic cavity on each side of uterus

oocyte

immature egg cell in an ovarian follicle

primary follicles

covered with granulosa cells

secondary follicles

have a hollow chamber called the antrum

corpus luteum

forms after ovulation, produces progesterone

oogenesis

meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with 23 chromosomes

granulosa cells

produce estrogen

estrogen

causes maintenance and development of secondary sex characteristics

progesterone

stimulates secretory activity of uterine epithelium and assists estrogen in initiating menses

uterine tubes

extend into abdominal cavity, distal end surrounded by fimbriae

menopause

end of repetitive menstrual cycle

vagina

located between bladder and rectum in pelvis

vestibular glands

secrete mucus lubricating fluid, ducts open between labia minora

perinuem

area between vagina and anus

menstrual cycle

lasts about 28 days

menses

first 4-5 days of cycle, shedding of endometrium

proliferative phase

the days between the end of menses and secretory phase

secretory phase

days between ovulation and beginning of next period, 14 days

ovulation

14 days before next period, most fertile

muscle cramps

involuntary tightening of skeletal muscle

menstrual cramps

contraction of the uterus during menstruation