Reviewing Course Objectives for Exam I (CHAPTER 2)

Define the Term Atom

the smallest unit of mater consisting of a nucleus, proton, neuron, and electron

Define the Term Element

a pure substance; made up of only one kind of atom

Define the Term Molecule

group of atoms bound together in atom, can be different kinds (ex. N2O)

Define the Term Compound

substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom

Describe The Structure of an Atom.  

consists of nucleus in the central core, positively & neutrally charged atoms

What is the Purpose of Chemical Bonding?

they form to make atoms more stable

Name & Compare Major Types of Chemical Bonding

ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds. Ionic bonds form when losing or gaining electrons in the outer layer, covalent forms when atoms share energy ions, and hydrogen bonds do not create molecules.

Name the Difference Between All 3 Bonds

Ionic Bonds create electrolytes, a molecule that breaks apart in water, however Covalent Bonds do not easily dissociate in water, and Hydrogen Bonds are present in water.

Distinguish Between Organic & Inorganic Chemical Compounds

1) organic molecules contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds, and/or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds; inorganic molecules do not​

2) organic molecules are generally larger and more complex than inorganic

Name the 4 Types of Organic Compounds

carbs, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

Describe the Chemical Characteristics of Water

water is an inorganic compound that is the most abundant compound. This holds tissues together due to its glue like texture (all due to the hydrogen bonds)

Explain the Concept of pH

mathematical expression of the H+ concentration in a solution (most acidic to most basic)

Describe Acids, Bases, & Salts.​

Acid: Substance that shifts the hydrogen & hydroxide ion balance in favor of H+

Base: substance that shifts the hydrogen & hydroxide ion balance against H+

Salts: when acids & bases mix

Define H+ Ion

Hydrogen Ion

Define OH-

Hydroxide ion

Define the Structure & Function of: Carbohydrates​

a source of energy, many mono saccs store energy

Name the Kinds of Carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Name the Types of Lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, & steroids

Define the Structure & Function of: Triglycerides (L)

formed by a glycerol unit & joined to three fatty acids, used store energy for later use and help padding & protect organs

Define the Structure & Function of: Phospholipids (L)

these have phosphorus units each with head & two tails & form membranes of cells

Define the Structure & Function of: Steroids (L)

molecules made up of multiple rings, it stabilizes cell membranes

Name the 2 Different Kinds of Proteins

structural & functional proteins

Define the Structure & Function of: Proteins

very large molecules made up of amino acids held together in a long folded chain by peptide bonds

Define the Structure & Function of: Structural Proteins

form essential structure of the body (ex. collagen & keratin)

Define the Structure & Function of: Functional Proteins

participate in chemical processes of the body (ex. hormones, cell membrane channels/receptors, and enzymes)​

Name the Types of Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA, and ATP

Define the Structure & Function of: Nucleic Acids

made up of nucleotides​ (a phosphate unit, sugar, & nitrogen base)​

Define the Structure & Function of: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

used as the cell’s master code for assembling proteins, forming the double helix shape

Define the Structure & Function of: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

used as a temporary “working copy” of a gene

Define the Structure & Function of: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

a modified nucleotide used as an energy source

Which Nucleic Acids Does Not Use (U) as a Base?

DNA

Which Nucleic Acid Does Not Use (T) as a Base?

RNA