Untitled Flashcards Set

Sex

Biological differences between male and female, including reproductive organs and chromosomes.

Gender

Social roles, behaviors, and expectations assigned to people based on sex.

Sexual Dimorphism

Physical differences between males and females in a species, such as body size and muscle mass.

Intersex

A person born with both male and female biological traits.

Cisgender

A person whose gender identity matches their assigned sex at birth.

Transgender

A person whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth.

Gender Fluidity

A gender identity that changes over time.

Gender Performance (Judith Butler)

The idea that gender is something people 'do' through actions and behaviors, not something they 'are'.

Third Gender

A gender category beyond male and female, recognized in some cultures, such as Hijras in India.

Gender Stratification

Unequal distribution of power, resources, and rights based on gender.

Honor Killings

When family members kill a relative, often a woman, for 'bringing shame' to the family.

Rape Culture

A society where sexual violence is normalized due to attitudes about gender and power.

Social Stratification

The ranking of people into different levels of power and privilege.

Class System

A social system where people can move up or down based on their achievements.

Caste System

A rigid social system where people are born into a fixed status and cannot move up or down.

Achieved Status

A social position earned through effort and achievements.

Ascribed Status

A social position given at birth, such as race or royalty.

Race

A socially constructed category based on physical traits like skin color.

Racialization

The process of assigning social meaning to race through stereotypes.

Ethnicity

A cultural identity based on shared language, traditions, and history.

Structural Racism

Discrimination built into laws, policies, and institutions.

Individual Racism

Personal prejudices and discriminatory actions.

Microaggressions

Small, everyday actions or comments that reinforce stereotypes.

Rwandan Genocide (1994)

Mass killing of Tutsis by Hutu extremists influenced by Belgian colonial policies.

Political Power

The ability to influence or control people through laws, leadership, or force.

Structural Power

Power that shapes institutions and social structures.

Social Power

The ability to influence society through culture and norms.

Hegemony (Antonio Gramsci)

Maintaining power by making people accept the system as 'normal'.

Bands

Small kin-based societies with no formal leadership.

Tribes

Larger societies with informal leadership based on kinship.

Chiefdoms

Societies with a hereditary leader.

States

Large, organized societies with laws, governments, and social hierarchy.

Militarization (Catherine Lutz)

The process of organizing a society around military values and preparing for war.

Globalization

The increasing connection of countries through trade, migration, and technology.

Transnational Citizenship

Being connected to more than one country, such as having dual citizenship.

Diaspora

A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland.

Honor Killings

Family members killing a relative for bringing shame.

Sexual Dimorphism

Physical differences based on sex.

Gender Fluidity

Changing gender identity over time.

Gender Performance

Performing gender through actions and behaviors.

Intersex Traits

Both male and female traits present at birth.

Transgender Identity

Gender identity not matching assigned sex.

Social Stratification

Ranking individuals and groups.

Class Mobility

Ability to move between social classes.

Caste Nature

Fixed social positions.

Race Construction

Creating categories based on physical traits.

Structural Racism Examples

Discrimination in laws and institutions.

Political Influence

Ability to control through governance.

Cultural Social Power

Influencing society via culture.

Hegemonic Control

Power accepted as normal in society.

Kin-based Societies

Small groups with related members.

Informal Leadership

Leadership not based on formal structures.

Hereditary Leadership

Leadership passed through family lineage.

Social Hierarchies

Levels of organization and authority.

Military Organization

Preparing societies for military engagement.

Trade Networks

Economic connections between countries.

Global Exchange

Mutual benefits of trade in globalization.

Cultural Diaspora

Communities living away from their homeland.