Country Risk aka Political Risk
Exposure to potential loss
Ex. Current assets/intellectual property
Dimensions of Country Risk/Political Risk
harmful or unstable political system
Laws and regulations unfavorable to foreign films
Inadequate or underdeveloped to foreign firms
Bureaucracy and red tape
Corruption and other ethical blunders
Gov intervention, protectionism, and barriers to trade and investment
Mismanagement or failure of the national economy
Seizure of foreign assets
Political system
A set of formal institutions that constitute a government. It includes legislative bodies, political parties, lobbying groups, and trade unions. The system also defines how these groups interact with each other
Three major types of political systems
Totalitarianism
Socialism
Democracy aka Capitalist
Functions of political systems
provide protection from external threats
Ensure stability based on laws
Govern the allocation of valued resources among the members of a society
Define how society’s members interact with each other
external and internal protection ex. Army, FBI, police
Legal system
Creates, interprets and enforces laws
4 major types of legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Religious Law
Mixed Systems
Totalitarianism
Government controls all economic and political matters
Led by a dictator
Ppl are poor → no middle class
Lots of corruption
Associated with command economies
What is a religion based totalitarian states called?
Theocratic
Socialism
gov taxes the ppl, uses the tax for social welfare
Tax rate high → many free things
Capital is vested in the state and used primarily as a means of production for use rather than for profit
Redistribution of wealth
Take money of those who have it and redistribute it for the common welfare
Brain drain
Squashed competitiveness in that country
Associated with mixed economies
Democracy/Capitalism
limited government intervention
Private property rights
“You earn it, you keep it”
You do pay taxes but not nearly as much as socialism
Associated with market economies
Totalitarianism countries
Cuba
North Korea
Several countries in Africa such as
Eritrea, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Zimbabwe
Socialism Countries
Bolivia
China
Egypt
India
Romania
Russia
Venezuela
Canada (between this and capitalism)
Capitalism Countries
Australia
Canada (between this and socialism)
Japan
New Zealand
United States
Most European countries
Most Latin America countries
The Rule of Law
Existence of a legal system where rules are clear, publicly disclosed, fairly enforced, and widely respected by individuals, organizations, and the government
Common Law
aka case law
Basis of law is tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by courts via interpretation of statutes, legislation, and past rulings → made by precedent
Judges have much power to interpret laws
Relatively flexible
Civil Law
code of law
Codified → clearly written by legislative bodies
not strongly subject to interpretation by courts
Common law is mainly judicial whereas civil law is mainly legislative
Religious Law
Strongly influenced by religious beliefs, ethical codes, and moral values, viewed as mandated by a supreme being
Mixed Systems
Two or more legal systems operating together
Democracy is associated with common law, civil law, and mixed systems
Actors in Political and Legal Systems
Activist groups
Strongest actor → labor unions
Regional economic blocs such as EU and NAFTA
Government Takeover of Corporate Assets
Confiscation
Expropriation
Nationalization
Confiscation
Seizure of corporate assets without compensation
Expropriation
Asset seizure with compensation
pay market price
Public domain takeover
Nationalization
(Coup)
Takeover of an entire nation or industry
Creeping Expropriation
Government gradually modifies regulations and laws
Country risk arising from the host country legal environment
foreign investment laws
Controls on operating forms and practices
Marketing and distribution laws
Laws regarding income repatriation
Environmental laws
Contract laws
Inadequate or underdeveloped legal systems
Internet and e-commerce regulations
Country risk arising from the home country legal environment
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
Anti boycott regulations
Accounting and reporting laws
Transparency in financial reporting
Government Intervention
alters the competitive landscape by hindering or helping the ability of firms to compete internationally
the more involved the gov is, the higher the risk of doing business in that country
gov intervention is an important dimension of country risk
Key rationales for gov intervention
Tariffs can generate substantial government revenue
Helps ensure the safety, security, and welfare of citizens
Economic Freedom
the absence of government intervention
Regional Economic Integration
The growing economic interdependence that results when nations within a geographic region form an alliance aimed at reducing barriers to trade and investment
Economic Bloc
A geographic area consisting of two or more countries that agree to pursue economic integration by reducing tariffs and other barriers to the cross-border flow of products, services, capital, and , in more advanced cases, labor
5 Potential Levels of Regional Integration
Free Trade Area
Customs Union
Common Market
Economic and (sometimes) Monetary Union
Political Union
Free Trade Area (5 Potential Levels of Regional Integration)
Members agree to eliminate tariffs and non-tariff trade barriers with each other but maintain their own trade barriers with non-member countries (ex. NAFTA)
Customs Union (5 Potential Levels of Regional Integration)
Restricts imports but no customs duty (ex. MERCOSUR)
Common Market (5 Potential Levels of Regional Integration)
Free movement of product, labor and capital
Economic and (sometimes) Monetary Union
Unified monetary and fiscal policy by a central authority
Don’t have to worry about fluctuation of currency
(ex. the EU)
Political Union (5 Potential Levels of Regional Integration)
No such thing!!
submersion of all separate national institutions
Countries run by one gov (ex. if the states were countries in the US)
Why do nations pursue economic integration?
businesses and consumers win!
expand market size
achieve economies of scale and productivity
attract direct investment from outside the bloc
acquire stronger defensive and political posture
Advanced Economies
Post industrial countries with high per capita income, competitive industries, and developed commercial infrastructure. Typically the richest countries
Developing Economies
Low income countries characterized by limited industrialization and stagnant economies
low GDP
corruption/bribery
Moderate to high trade barriers
Emerging market economies
Former developing economies that achieved substantial industrialization, modernization, and remarkable economic growth
opened borders to trade
becoming richer
middle class growing
BRIC countries are an example of what type of economy
Emerging economies
Look at the key differences among the 3 major country groups slide
ch 8 slide 8
Trade barriers in advanced economies
Minimal
Trade barriers in developing economies are…
Moderate to high
Trade barriers in emerging markets are…
Rapidly liberalizing
What makes emerging markets attractive?
Target markets
cheap labor
lots of ppl
Manufacturing bases
Sourcing destinations
Outsourcing
The procurement of selected value-chain activities, including production of intermediate goods or finished products, from independent suppliers
Global Sourcing
The procurement of products or services from independent suppliers or company-owned subsidiaries located abroad for consumption in the home country or a third country
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
PPP adjusted per capita GDP represents the amount of products that consumers can buy in a given country, using their own currency and consistent with their own standard of living
“Cost of living”
“What ppl can buy given their income”
Challenges of doing business in emerging markets
Political instability
Weak intellectual property protection
Bureaucracy, red tape, and lack of transparency
Poor physical infrastructure
Partner availability and qualifications
Resistance from family conglomerates
Speculation
People think a stock is going to go up, ppl buy it, then the stock goes up
Long term reason to buy stock
Quarterly earnings
Short term reason to buy stock
Speculation
When demand increases and supply doesn’t…
Prices go up
When there is an excess supply with no demand…
Prices go down
Pegged
Peg currency to a basket of goods
Floats
Floats based on supply and demand
determined by speculation and factors such as GDP
Exchange rate
Price of one currency in terms of another
determined by supply and demand
(If 1 Euro = 1.07 dollar) If you think the dollar is going to go down…
You want to buy the Euro
Spot rate
Exchange rate based on the current rate of exchange
“What the currency is now”
Future/Forward rate
Exchange rate applicable at some future date, but specified at time of the transaction
“What the currency will be later at that time”
Exposed
Exposed to risk
Leveraged
Lots of debt
Foreign exchange market
The global marketplace for buying and selling national currencies
When the dollar gets stronger:
Imports ↑ b/c you can buy more with the dollar
Exports ↓ b/c it becomes more expensive for others
Balance of trade becomes negative
Int rates ↓
Inflation ↓
Stock market ↑
GDP ↑
When the dollar gets weaker:
Imports ↓ b/c foreign goods are more expensive
Exports ↑ b/c goods are cheaper since the dollar is down
Balance of trade becomes positive (selling more than we are buying)
Int rates ↑
Inflation ↑
Stock market ↓
GDP ↓
Dollar gets weaker because:
Inflation goes up
Unemployment goes up
Stock market goes down
Federal Reserve prints more money
American crisis (like a terrorist attack)
GDP goes down
Anytime ppl lose confidence in the gov
Dollar gets strong because:
Inflation goes down
Unemployment goes down
Stock market goes up
Federal Reserve buys money (which means they are taking money out of circulation
America is at peace (no terrorist attacks)
GDP goes up
Anytime ppl gain confidence in the gov
How does gov intervention affect supply and demand?
Gov intervention messes w/supply and demand
Trade surplus
Exports exceed imports; may result when the exporter’s currency is undervalued
Trade deficit
Imports exceed exports
positives: more choice for the consumers
Balance of trade
The difference between the value of a nation’s exports and imports
Bretton Woods
Established a fixed exchange rate system in which the US dollar was pegged to a set value for gold, and other major currencies were pegged to the dollar (dissolved in 1971)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Agency that promotes exchange rate stability, monitors exchange systems, provides funding to developing economies
goal: to have stability amongst currency and to help economies more from developing to emerging to advanced
World Bank
Agency that provides loans and technical assistance to combat global poverty around the world
International monetary system
The institutional framework, rules, and procedures by which national currencies are exchanged for one another
Key participants in the monetary and financial systems
Firms
Commercial Banks (set int rates)
Central banks
What happens to inflation if the US Federal reserve increases interest rates?
Inflation increases because money becomes more expensive and the dollar becomes weaker
International Financial Management
“Moving money”
The acquisition and use of funds for cross-border trade, investment, and other commercial activities
Ways to make money:
Equity financing
Debt financing
Equity financing
Sell/distribute more stocks (dilution of stock)
negatives: stock price goes down b/c more ppl involved
positives: get money right away
Debt financing
get a loan (institutional financing)
issue a bond (public can buy it)
pos: you retain control of your company
neg: you have to pay it back, so if you can’t pay it back and have interest it could be more expensive
Working Capital
Basically the money you use when operating your business
-must make enough money to pay off your bills
-ex. payroll expense
Market capitalization
How much a company is worth
#of shares x stock price
***As soon as a firm decides to do equity financing…
Market capitalization drops
International Financial Management Tasks
Choose a capital structure - determine the ideal long-term mix of debt versus equity financing
Raise funds for the firm
Working capital and cash flow management
Capital budgeting
Managing currency risk
Manage the diversity of international accounting and tax practices
Capital Structure
Mix of long term equity and debt financing firms use to support their activities
Examples of short term, intermediate, and long-term financing
Short-term: debt
Intermediate-term: bonds, debt/equity
Long-term: Equity
What are the major financial centers
New York
London
Tokyo
One cause of rapid rise in global capital markets
Government’s deregulation of financial markets made capital easier to move across national borders
***Why has China become a global power?
Because of their massive balance of trade
Their big trade surplus and foreign investment inflows together have created massive reserves of foreign exchange
Foreign bonds
Sold outside the bond issuer’s country and denominated in the currency of the country in which they are issued
Intracorporate financing (aka Transfer Pricing)
Prices that subsidiaries and affiliates charge one another as they transfer goods and services within the same MNE
Obtaining funds from within firm’s network of subsidiaries and affiliates
ex. GE locomotive might borrow from GE appliance
****regulated because of predatory pricing
Cash Flow management
Ensures cash is available where and when it is needed
Restraint of Trade
Against the law for an MNE to sell stuff to their affiliates (ex. GE locomotive selling to GE appliances) at a lower price than other companies
Currency Risk
Concerns exchange rate fluctuations that harm business profits
Direct Quote
“current exchange rate”
The number of units of domestic currency needed to acquire one unit of the foreign currency
ex. it costs $1.42 to acquire one euro
Indirect Quote
The number of units of the foreign currency obtained for one unit of the domestic currency
ex. for $1, I can receive .74 euros