section C

OFCOM

• the communication regulator in the UK

Ring fenced

• When sporting events must be available for viewing on terrestrial TV rather than just on subscription TV

• Olympics, FA cup, Six nations

Define duty of care

• legal obligation to ensure safety for a group of people

Define negligence

• Conduct falling below a ‘reasonable person standard’ leading to harm

Define damages

• compensation for loss of earrings due to a deliberate tackle

Define in loco parentis

• ‘In the place of a parent’ - the authority/ duty assigned to a coach

Define restraint of trade

• contracts that restricts a persons free right to carry out their profession

What is the Olympic oath

• a promise made by one athlete & one judge to adhere to the rules and ethic of the Olympics

What is sportsmanship and simulation

• Sportsmanship - conforming to the rules, spirits and etiquettes of the sport

• Simulation - trying to deceive an official by overacting

Define gamesmanship

• bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught

• Time wasting, psyching out an opponent pre match, deliberate deception of an official, delaying play at a restart

Positive deviance

• behaviour which is outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break the rules - over adherence to expectations of society

• Over training despite injury, competing when injured

Negative deviance

• behaviour that goes against the norms and has a detrimental effect on individuals and society in general

• Taking illegal PEDS

• Fouling an opponent, match fixing

Social reasons to take PEDs

• win at all costs

• Fame and fortune

• Poor role models

Psychological reasons to take PEDs

• steady nerves

• Increase aggression

• Boost confidence

Physiological reasons to take PEDs

• increase muscle growth

• Decrease in fat

• Helps recovery

• Improves capacity to train for longer

Anabolic steroids

• artificially produced hormones

• THG - increases power

• Decrease fatigue and increase power

• Used by sprinters

• Side effects - Liver damage, acne, heart and immune system problems

beta blockers

• substances that help calm an individual down and decrease anxiety by counteracting the adrenaline that interferes with performance by preventing it from binding to nerve receptors

• improve accuracy

• calm performance anxiety

• decrease trembles

• reduce involuntary muscle spasms

• used by snooker or golf players

• side effects - tiredness due to low blood pressure or slower heart rate which will affect aerobic capacity

Erythropoietin (EPO)

• a natural hormone produced by the kidneys to increase red blood cells

• leads to an increase in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

• increases endurance and delays onset of fatigue

• recover quicker from training

• used by endurance athletes

• side effects - blood clotting, stroke, in rare cases death

negative to the sport of performers taking drugs

• damages reputation

• provides negative role models

negative to performers of taking PEDS

• lose reputation

• future career prospects negatively impacted

• financial consequences if legal action taken

potential advantages of the performer of taking PEDs

• positively impacts performance

• brings fame and fortune for those who manage to evade detection

UK anti doping agency - UKAD - who are they and what do they do

• the organisation responsible for protecting UK sport from the threat of drug taking and doping

• it administers testing programmes and has a number of anti doping strategies designed to eliminate the use of illegal performance enhancers in sport

what is the 100% me programme

• a programme delivered to athletes at all stages of the performance pathway and includes rising starts at the school games as well as athletes preparing for the Olympics and the paralympics

world anti doping agency (WADA) - who are they and their system

• a foundation created through a collective initiative led by the IOC to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against drugs in sport

• the whereabouts system - a system designed to support out of competition testing which requires athletes to supply the details of their whereabouts so they can be located at any time for testing, without advance notice

problems that exist with drug testing

• difficult to gain immediate access to athletes who may be training abroad

• ongoing development of new drugs

• drugs can be taken accidentally

• different regulations and testing procedures across different countries and sports - tough to find a unified approach

arguments for legalising drugs

• drugs taken accidentally

• levels the playing field

• helpful for athletes to recovery quicker

• battle against drugs is expensive and time consuming

arguments against legalising drugs

• dangerous side effects

• creates negative role models

• only richer countries can afford them

• success in sport should be about hard work and talent

causes of violence in sport for the performer

• the win ethic

• importance of the result

• pre match build up

• referee decisions

prevention strategies for violence in sport

• video replays to check decisions

• punishing violence by performers

• introduce education campagains and fair play awards

causes of violence in sport for spectator

• alcohol and drugs

• poor policing

• organised crime

• display of masculinity

• emotional intensity (derbys)

solutions to football hooliganisms

• ban alcohol sales in stadiums

• use of CCTV

• early kick off times

• passing of specific laws

• all seater stadiums