Chapter 26: Body Fluids and Electrolytes

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

fluid inside cells (2/3 of total body fluid)

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

fluid outside cells (1/3 of total body fluid) - plasma and interstitial fluid

Interstitial Fluid (IF)

in spaces between cells (Lymph, CSF, Eye humor (fluids), synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions)

Electrolytes

dissociate into ions in water which conduct electrical currents

ECF Electrolytes

electrolyte contents are mostly all similar

ICF Electrolytes

contains more soluble proteins than plasma

Water Intake

must equal water output and is mostly ingested

Water Output

urine (60%), insensible water loss (through skin and lungs), perspiration (sensible) and feces

Dehydration

ECF water loss due to hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation,diuretic abuse, endocrine disturbances

Oliguria

reduced or low urine output

Edema

Atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid, resulting in tissue swelling (not cell swelling)

Hydrostatic

increased fluid flow out of blood

Osmotic

decreased return of fluid to blood

Electrolyte Balance

the equilibrium in ions (electrolytes) in body and tissue/cell fluids (mostly applies to salts)

Hyponatremia

decreased sodium that decrease ECF osmolarity which can lead to cellular edema

Hypernatremia

increased sodium increases ECF osmolality which causes your cells to lose fluid and shrink becoming thirsty

Hypokalmia

low potassium levels which effects cardiovasuclar/neuromuscualar resting membrane potentials - potassium makes resting membrane potential increase

Hyperkalemia

excessively high potassium levels which is caused by renal failure or tissue destruction which causes depolarization and causes cells to be more easily excitable

Calcium Importance

blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, neuromuscular excitability (most important)

Hypocalcemia

low calcium levels which increase neuromuscular excitability which leads to muscle tetany (sever rigid state of contraction in muscles)

Hypercalcemia

decreases neuromuscular excitability which inhibits sodium channels and caused muscle weakness and cardiac arrest

Hypoventilation (less breathing)

causes respiratory acidosis (retain CO2)

Hyperventilation (more and fast breathing)

causes respiratory alkalosis (expels CO2)